Unacknowledged Rape and Re-Victimization Risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Littleton ◽  
Amie Grills ◽  
Marlee Layh ◽  
Kelly Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Unacknowledged Rape ◽  
Over Time

The majority of college women who experience rape do not conceptualize their experience as a victimization, that is, they are unacknowledged victims. There is some initial evidence that unacknowledged victims are at elevated re-victimization risk relative to acknowledged victims. In the current study, we sought to identify mediators of the association between acknowledgment of rape and re-victimization in a sample of 319 college rape victims; 187 (58.6%) participants completed a 2-month follow-up study. We examined regular drinking, number of sexual partners, and continuing a relationship with the assailant as potential mediators of the relation between acknowledgment and re-victimization. At follow-up, unacknowledged victims reported higher rates of new attempted (16.2%) and completed rape (11.9%), relative to acknowledged victims (attempted: 7.9%; completed: 3.0%). Number of sexual partners mediated the relation between acknowledgment and attempted rape. Both number of partners and regular drinking mediated the relation between acknowledgment and completed rape. Thus, not acknowledging rape may be associated with re-victimization in part because unacknowledged victims may be more likely to engage in behaviors that increase vulnerability. We believe there is a need for longitudinal, theoretically grounded research examining risky behaviors, victimization, and acknowledgment status over time to delineate the relations among these variables. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ' s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

A Match-and-Motivation Model of How Women Label Their Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoë D. Peterson ◽  
Charlene L. Muehlenhard
Keyword(s):  
Predominantly White ◽  
College Women ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Sexual Experiences ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Perceived Consequences ◽  
Motivation Model ◽  
Unacknowledged Rape ◽  
Over Time

Many rape victims are unacknowledged rape victims—they report an experience meeting researchers’ operational definitions of rape but do not label their experience as rape. The purpose of this study was to investigate women’s decisions about whether to label their experiences as rape. Participants were 77 college women (predominantly White; mean age = 19.23) who had experienced rape according to the study’s operational definition. The researchers used open-ended questionnaires and interviews to explore participants’ explanations for labeling or not labeling their experience as rape. Explanations were related to match—whether the incident matched their rape script (e.g., whether the man fit their image of a rapist; whether they fought back)—and to motivation—the perceived consequences of using the label (e.g., discomfort with thinking of the perpetrator as a rapist; feeling less self-blame vs. feeling less control or more traumatized). Over time, participants were more likely to label their experience as rape. Results suggested that individuals differ in the meanings that they ascribe to the label rape. For some individuals, labeling their experience as rape may be adaptive; for others, it may be unhelpful or even harmful. Researchers, clinicians, and advocates should use caution in imposing their own preferred labels on other women’s experiences.

Changes in DNA methylation persist over time in males with severe alcohol use disorder—A longitudinal follow‐up study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soundarya Soundararajan ◽  
Arpana Agrawal ◽  
Meera Purushottam ◽  
Shravanthi Daphne Anand ◽  
Bhagyalakshmi Shankarappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Human Milk Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110301
Author(s):  
Hannah G. Juncker ◽  
M. Romijn ◽  
Veerle N. Loth ◽  
Tom G. Caniels ◽  
Christianne J.M. de Groot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Milk Antibodies ◽  
Over Time

Background: Human milk contains antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). These antibodies may serve as protection against COVID-19 in infants. However, the evolution of these human milk antibodies over time is unclear. Research Aim: To elucidate the evolution of immunoglobulin A (IgA) against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This longitudinal follow-up study included lactating mothers ( N = 24) who had participated in the COVID MILK study. To assess the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, serum and human milk samples were collected 14–143 days after the onset of clinical symptoms related to COVID-19. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay was used to detect antibodies against the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Results: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remain present up to 5 months (143 days) in human milk after onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 IgA in human milk seems to gradually decrease over time. Conclusion: Human milk from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent lactating mothers contains specific IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein up to at least 5 months post-infection. Passive viral immunity can be transferred via human milk and may serve as protection for infants against COVID-19. Dutch Trial Register on May 1st, 2020, number: NL 8575, URL: https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8575 .

scholarly journals Racial Attitudes among South African Young Adults: A Four-year Follow-up Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Smith ◽  
Christopher R. Stones ◽  
Anthony Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Many ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Over Time

The many social changes that have occurred in South Africa since the first democratic elections in 1994 warrant that careful scrutiny be given to the racial attitudes of South Africa's young adults. Their degree of acceptance of the doctrine of deracialisation and reconciliation represents a hope or a warning about the possibility of a stable future. A follow-up study was thus carried out in order to update data collected in 1995, with the hypothesis that, over time, greater acceptance of other racial groups would be reported. In this follow-up study, the authors examined differences among a new sample of 122 Xhosa-speaking Black, 73 so-called coloured, and 234 English-speaking White young adults. Data were collected using a questionnaire that assessed aspects of these groups' perceptions of themselves (identities) and their attitudes toward other racial groups (their prejudice). Statistical significance was found between groups and over time across measures.

How Quality Improvement Interventions for Depression Affect Stigma Concerns Over Time: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Klap ◽  
Lingqi Tang ◽  
Terry Schell ◽  
Naihua Duan ◽  
Kenneth Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Improvement Interventions ◽  
Quality Improvement Interventions ◽  
Over Time
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