Indian Women in World War II: The Air Raid Precaution ‘Comfort’ Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 037698362110520
Author(s):  
Kashyap Deepak
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Comfort Women ◽  
World War ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Crimes Against Women

The main focus of this article is on the war-stricken ecology of World War II and the notable role played by Indian women as Air Raid Precaution Wardens. They gave their unmatched services in the air raid–prone areas and earned a name. However, until the close of the war, they were reduced to not more than ‘comfort women’ for British officers and soldiers. Simultaneously, the article explains how the women’s influential roles are sidelined by giving too much preference to the topic such as rape, abduction and war crimes against women. The critics and historians remain busy in criticising other armies on the atrocities inflicted upon women by them. The conclusion exposes the double standard of the academic world: first, they criticise Japan over the issue of ‘comfort women’, but they close their eyes towards Indian women. The article explains how the British too exploited Indian women, but they remain hidden from the eyes of critics due to their gentlemen status.

scholarly journals A Case From Australia's War Crimes Trials: Lieutenant-General Nishimura, 1950

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Lisa Lee
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
World War ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
War Crimes Trials ◽  
Admissible Evidence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
War Crimes Trial ◽  
Discretionary Powers

In the aftermath of World War II, Australia undertook domestic trials of suspected Japanese war criminals between 1945 and 1951. This article focuses on Australia’s war crimes trial of Lieutenant-General Nishimura as held at the Los Negros court in mid-June 1950, and the subsequent petitioning period and confirmation process. The Australian war crimes courts were military courts vested with broad discretionary powers that facilitated the expeditious trials of accused. The procedure of war crimes courts differed from that of field general courts-martial in two main areas: admissible evidence and sentencing range — and this article highlights concomitant problems arising during the trial and subsequent case on review. This article examines the prosecution of the case entirely on documentary evidence; the impact of low admissibility thresholds for evidence; issues regarding the voluntariness and reliability of witness evidence; and the option of capital punishment in the Nishimura trial.

scholarly journals Dimension feminine in The Respectful Prostitute’s Jean- Paul Sartre and The Blind Prostitute’s Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe La dimension féminine dans La P….respectueuse de Jean-Paul Sartre et La Prostituée Aveugle de Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (45) ◽  
pp. 121-149
Author(s):  
Thakaa Muttib Hussein ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
World War ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patriarchal Power ◽  
Social Level

Jean-Paul Sartre and Badr Shakir al-Sayyabe are among the most prominent writers that critiqued the destructive role of capitalism and the patriarchal power system in the period of the Post-World War II crisis. Divided into three chapters, the present study examines two of the most eminent literary works in the history of the Western and Eastern societies in the fifties of the last decade: Jean Paul Sartre’s play : The Respectful Prostitute and Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe’s poem: The Blind Prostitute. Chapter one discusses the position of the prostitute in a patriarchal societies. Chapter two linguistically analyzes the prostitute’s behavior with men and evaluates the nature of a relationship when based on profit and loss. Such a relationship exposes the male dominance system on this social level through stigmatizing, marginalizing and depriving of her family establishing rights. Chapter Three sheds light on the prostitute’s ego and the other. In the two works, the society double standard is presented in dealing with status of a woman, rather than a man, as a prostitute, something that leads to uncover the individuality of such a character. Thus, and in addition to justly picturing prostitution as a human setback in all the western and Eastern societies, Sartre and al – Sayyab succeed in visualizing humanity decay within the perspective of the preceding decades. Résumé Jean-Paul Sartre et Badr Shakir al-Sayyabe font partie des écrivains qui ont contribué à travers leurs œuvres à critiquer le système capitaliste et la société masculine dans la période de l'après-guerre. En lisant les deux ouvrages, nous avons choisi comme sujet commun de cette étude d'analyser le statut de prostituée dans les sociétés orientale et occidentale au cours des années 1950 du siècle dernier. L'étude est divisée en trois chapitres : Le premier chapitre est basé sur la présentation du statut de la prostituée dans les communautés masculines des deux auteurs. Le deuxième chapitre analyse linguistiquement le comportement de la prostituée envers les hommes et la nature de la relation basée sur le principe du profit ou de la perte. Cette relation met d'abord en évidence la domination du système masculin sur cette partie social, le problème de la stigmatisation sociale, de la marginalisation et de la privation de son droit d'avoir et de fonder une famille. Le troisième chapitre traite la position de la prostituée entre le moi et l'autre. Dans les deux œuvres, le point de vue de la société semble être un double standard dans la condamnation de la femme comme prostituée plutôt que comme homme. Ce mécanisme nous amène à retrouver l'identité de la prostituée. Nous arrivons à conclure que le succès de Sartre et d'al-Sayyabe en présentant cette profession comme un échec humain pour les sociétés orientales et occidentales et la décadence de l'homme ou de la femme et en les dépeignant avec une perspective qui correspond aux crises du siècle dernier.

scholarly journals An Unforgettable Ordeal: Chinese ‘Comfort Women’ in World War II

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Xie ◽  
Emily Kraeck
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Women Survivors ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Comfort Women ◽  
World War ◽  
International Support ◽  
Shame Culture ◽  
Redress Movement

Using methods including analyzing firsthand testimonies, images, and secondary sources, this paper explores the multiple factors that resulted in the silence of Chinese comfort women survivors in both wartime and the postwar period: shame culture, patrichy, and lack of political and cultural support for comfort women. Due to both patriarchy and related shame culture and a lack of political, cultural, and international support for survivors, few Chinese women spoke up about their experience within the comfort women system prior to the redress movement beginning in 1991; in the 1990s, societal and government support for comfort women increased, leading many comfort women to not only share their experiences but seek justice in the process. To begin, this paper provides an overview of essential historical context, including Japanese colonialism, the establishment of “comfort women” systems, Chinese comfort womens’ suffering, and the post-war struggles and ongoing plight of victims and survivors. Next, this paper argues that due to shame, culture and patriarchy; the lack of political, cultural, and international support for comfort women; and the mental and physical trauma that they experienced, comfort women survivors refused to speak up or seek justice for decades during and after World War II. Finally, this paper investigates key differences between the Cultural Revolution and redress movement, analyzing why comfort women spoke out during the latter period but largely remained silent during the postwar period from 1945 to 1990. 

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