scholarly journals Changing Cognitive Risk Factors for Sexual Aggression: Risky Sexual Scripts, Low Sexual Self-Esteem, Perception of Pornography, and Acceptance of Sexual Coercion

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092234
Author(s):  
Isabell Schuster ◽  
Paulina Tomaszewska ◽  
Barbara Krahé
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Sexual Aggression ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
Perceived Realism ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Cognitive Risk Factors

Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany ( N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants’ sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.

Predictors of Sexual Aggression Perpetration Among Male and Female College Students: Cross-Cultural Evidence From Chile and Turkey

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Schuster ◽  
Barbara Krahé
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Aggression ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Differential Functioning ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison

This two-wave longitudinal study examined risky sexual scripts and sexual behavior regarding consensual sexual interactions, sexual self-esteem, initiation assertiveness, and religiosity as predictors of sexual aggression perpetration in a cross-cultural comparison of college students in Chile and Turkey. As predicted, risky sexual scripts were linked to higher odds of perpetration through more risky sexual behavior cross-sectionally in both the Chilean and the Turkish sample and indirectly predicted perpetration 12 months later. High sexual self-esteem increased the likelihood of perpetration via higher initiation assertiveness in the Turkish sample only. High religiosity reduced the odds of perpetration through less risky sexual scripts and less risky sexual behavior in both samples. In addition, high religiosity increased the probability of perpetration through lower sexual self-esteem in the Turkish sample. Implications of these findings and the role of cultural factors contributing to the differential functioning of religiosity and sexual self-esteem are discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting On-Road Driving Skills, Fitness to Drive, and Prospective Accident Risk in Older Drivers and Drivers with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Importance of Non-Cognitive Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Max Toepper ◽  
Philipp Schulz ◽  
Thomas Beblo ◽  
Martin Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Fitness To Drive ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Driving Skills ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Cognitive Risk Factors

Background: On-road driving behavior can be impaired in older drivers and particularly in drivers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective: To determine whether cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors for driving safety may allow an accurate and economic prediction of on-road driving skills, fitness to drive, and prospective accident risk in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI, we examined a representative combined sample of older drivers with and without MCI (N = 74) in an observational on-road study. In particular, we examined whether non-cognitive risk factors improve predictive accuracy provided by cognitive factors alone. Methods: Multiple and logistic hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to predict different driving outcomes. In all regression models, we included cognitive predictors alone in a first step and added non-cognitive predictors in a second step. Results: Results revealed that the combination of cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors significantly predicted driving skills (R2adjusted = 0.30) and fitness to drive (81.2% accuracy) as well as the number (R2adjusted = 0.21) and occurrence (88.3% accuracy) of prospective minor at-fault accidents within the next 12 months. In all analyses, the inclusion of non-cognitive risk factors led to a significant increase of explained variance in the different outcome variables. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a combination of the most robust cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors may allow an economic and accurate prediction of on-road driving performance and prospective accident risk in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI. Therefore, non-cognitive risk factors appear to play an important role.

Cognitive Risk Factors and Neuropsychological Performance in HIV Infection

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith H. Claypoole ◽  
Brenda D. Townes ◽  
Ann C. Collier ◽  
Christina Marra ◽  
W. T. Longstreth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Cognitive Risk Factors

Functional (psychogenic non-epileptic/dissociative) seizures: why and how?

2021 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2021-326708
Author(s):  
Deniz Ertan ◽  
Selma Aybek ◽  
W Curt LaFrance, Jr. ◽  
Kousuke Kanemoto ◽  
Alexis Tarrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Dissociative Seizures ◽  
Cognitive Risk Factors

Functional seizures (FS) known also as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or dissociative seizures, present with ictal semiological manifestations, along with various comorbid neurological and psychological disorders. Terminology inconsistencies and discrepancies in nomenclatures of FS may reflect limitations in understanding the neuropsychiatric intricacies of this disorder. Psychological and neurobiological processes of FS are incompletely understood. Nevertheless, important advances have been made on underlying neuropsychopathophysiological mechanisms of FS. These advances provide valuable information about the underlying mechanisms of mind–body interactions. From this perspective, this narrative review summarises recent studies about aetiopathogenesis of FS at two levels: possible risk factors (why) and different aetiopathogenic models of FS (how). We divided possible risk factors for FS into three categories, namely neurobiological, psychological and cognitive risk factors. We also presented different models of FS based on psychological and neuroanatomical understanding, multilevel models and integrative understanding of FS. This work should help professionals to better understand current views on the multifactorial mechanisms involved in the development of FS. Shedding light on the different FS profiles in terms of aetiopathogenesis will help guide how best to direct therapy, based on these different underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Social-cognitive risk factors for violence in psychosis: A discriminant function analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven de Jong ◽  
Rozanne van Donkersgoed ◽  
Selwyn Renard ◽  
Sarah Carter ◽  
Hein Bokern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Cognitive Risk Factors
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document