Sexual Selection, Agonistic Signaling, and the Effect of Beards on Recognition of Men’s Anger Displays

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda M. Craig ◽  
Nicole L. Nelson ◽  
Barnaby J. W. Dixson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Facial Structure ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Recognition Experiment ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Recognition Of Another

The beard is arguably one of the most obvious signals of masculinity in humans. Almost 150 years ago, Darwin suggested that beards evolved to communicate formidability to other males, but no studies have investigated whether beards enhance recognition of threatening expressions, such as anger. We found that the presence of a beard increased the speed and accuracy with which participants recognized displays of anger but not happiness (Experiment 1, N = 219). This effect was not due to negative evaluations shared by beardedness and anger or to negative stereotypes associated with beardedness, as beards did not facilitate recognition of another negative expression, sadness (Experiment 2, N = 90), and beards increased the rated prosociality of happy faces in addition to the rated masculinity and aggressiveness of angry faces (Experiment 3, N = 445). A computer-based emotion classifier reproduced the influence of beards on emotion recognition (Experiment 4). The results suggest that beards may alter perceived facial structure, facilitating rapid judgments of anger in ways that conform to evolutionary theory.

Darwinian Evolutionary Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Descent Of Man

Charles Robert Darwin, the English naturalist, published On the Origin of Species in 1859 and the follow-up work The Descent of Man in 1871. In these works, he argued for his theory of evolution through natural selection, applying it to all organisms, living and dead, including our own species, Homo sapiens. Although controversial from the start, Darwin’s thinking was deeply embedded in the culture of his day, that of a middle-class Englishman. Evolution as such was an immediate success in scientific circles, but although the mechanism of selection had supporters in the scientific community (especially among those working with fast-breeding organisms), its real success was in the popular domain. Natural selection, and particularly the side mechanism of sexual selection, were known to all and popular themes in fiction and elsewhere.

Does motor mimicry contribute to emotion recognition?

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-448
Author(s):  
Cindy Hamon-Hill ◽  
John Barresi
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
General Support ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Facial Emotional Expression

AbstractWe focus on the role that motor mimicry plays in the SIMS model when interpreting whether a facial emotional expression is appropriate to an eliciting context. Based on our research, we find general support for the SIMS model in these situations, but with some qualifications on how disruption of motor mimicry as a process relates to speed and accuracy in judgments.

Assessment of Graphics and Text Formats for System Status Displays

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1464-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Nugent ◽  
James W. Broyles
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Reliable Performance ◽  
Accurate Performance ◽  
Presentation Formats ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Status Data ◽  
Accuracy Data ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

This study compared the relative effectiveness of three computer-based formats for displaying Navy system status data. Response speed and accuracy data were collected for each format on four tasks typically performed in a shipboard Combat Information Center (CIC). The three presentation formats were character readout (CRO), text-only, and text-graphics. Results showed the text-only and text-graphics formats produced faster, more accurate performance than the CRO on count and compare tasks; however, no reliable performance differences were found between presentation formats for identify and criterion tasks. Predictions concerning an advantage for the text-graphics format over the text-only format on certain types of tasks were not supported by the study findings. The practical applications and design implications of these findings are discussed.

Using Meta-analysis to Test Ecological and Evolutionary Theory

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Jennions ◽  
Christopher J. Lortie ◽  
Julia Koricheva
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Fighting Behavior ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Sex Ratio Theory

This chapter describes nine case studies that illustrate how meta-analysis has contributed to theoretical developments in basic research in ecology and evolution. The main research topics cover are maintenance of biodiversity (Case 1); sexual selection (mate choice/fighting behavior) (cases 2, 8, 9); sex ratio theory (Case 3); allometric scaling (Case 4); the invasiveness of exotic plants (Case 5); seed size and plant abundance (Case 6); and the role of competition and predation in structuring communities (Case 7). It is hoped that these case studies will resonate with the reader and provide “templates” for ways to conduct comparable tests on analogous controversies in their own fields of research.

The Utilization of Feedback and Emotion Recognition in Computer based Speech Therapy System

1970 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Schipor ◽  
S. G. Pentiuc ◽  
M. D. Schipor
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Quality Feedback ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Speech Therapist

In this paper we present two appropriate ways for the Computer Based Speech Therapy (CBST) improvement. Real-time quality feedback in free environments and emotion recognition could produce a better similarity between human and artificial speech therapist. Using these extended approaches, a CBST system can become a better speech therapist assistant and that is why we intend to implement these technology improvements on our CBST system - Logomon. Ill. 3, bibl. 15 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.109.3.181

Manipulating Face Gender

1998 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 219-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Deffenbacher ◽  
Cheryl Hendrickson ◽  
Alice J. O'Toole ◽  
David P. Huff ◽  
Hervé Abdi
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Face Image ◽  
Gender Classification ◽  
Statistical Features ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Recognition Experiment ◽  
Accuracy Data ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Weighted Combination

Previous research has shown that faces coded as pixel-based images may be constructed from an appropriately weighted combination of statistical "features" (eigenvectors) which are useful for discriminating members of a learned set of images. We have shown previously that two of the most heavily weighted features are important in predicting face gender. Using a simple computational model, we adjusted weightings of these features in more masculine and more feminine directions for both male and female adult Caucasian faces. In Experiment 1, cross-gender face image alterations (e.g., feminizing male faces) reduced both gender classification speed and accuracy for young adult Caucasian observers, whereas same-gender alterations (e.g., masculinizing male faces) had no effect as compared to unaltered controls. Effects on femininity-masculinity ratings mirrored those obtained on gender classification speed and accuracy. We controlled statistically for possible effects of image distortion incurred by our gender manipulations. In Experiment 2 we replicated the same pattern of accuracy data. Combined, these data indicate the psychological relevance of the features derived from the computational model. Despite having different effects on the ease of gender classification, neither sort of gender alteration negatively impacted face recognition (Experiment 3), yielding evidence for a model of face recognition wherein gender and familiarity processing proceed in parallel.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 315-336
Author(s):  
Ben Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection

This book gives readers a point of access to Darwin’s writings about psychological matters. This concluding chapter reviews Darwin’s concept of agency: stressing the interrelations that result from agency; the laws that describe its long term effects (evolution by natural selection and sexual selection); and the ways it structures Darwin’s approach to the study of non-verbal expressions and other features of human sociality. I then examine the caution with which Darwin regarded what the Victorians called psychology, as represented by the works of Bain, Spencer, and Lewes—the point of difference upon which Darwin insisted being the priority he gave to observation, as opposed to definitional niceties and deduction. I show that Darwin’s prioritization of observation contrasts with the ‘hermeneutic of suspicion’ which has given rise to a flight from reality in psychology, both practically—from the observable world we all know, into the laboratory—and theoretically, toward a rendition of the visible world in terms of invisible inner processes. I suggest that several current moves to reframe psychological research, and evolutionary theory, are converging on the place where Darwin’s treatment of agency has been standing for a hundred and fifty years. If pursued further today, Darwin’s approach to the study of agency would restore significance to the natural world, and the lives of its inhabitants.

scholarly journals Speeded Recognition of Fear and Surprise in Autism

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1117-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emese Nagy ◽  
Stacey C. Paton ◽  
Fiona E. A. Primrose ◽  
Tibor N. Farkas ◽  
Coreen F. Pow
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Socioemotional Functioning ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) involve difficulties with socioemotional functioning; however, research on emotion recognition remains inconclusive. Children with ASD have been reported to show less susceptibility to spatial inversion. The aim of this study is to examine whether children with ASD utilize atypical abilities in socioemotional processing. This study tested 13 children with ASD (1 girl, M: 15.10 years, standard deviation [ SD]: 1.60 years), 13 children without ASD (3 girls, M: 15.92 years, SD: 1.03 years), and 20 control adults (11 women, M: 24.77 years, SD: 8.30 years) to investigate the speed and accuracy of their responses to images of neutral faces and faces expressing “easy” (happiness, anger) and “difficult” emotions (surprise, fear) in nonrotated (0°) and rotated (30°, 90°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 270°, and 330°) positions. The results showed that children with ASD recognized both easy and difficult emotions as accurately as did children and adults without ASD. Children with ASD, however, responded significantly faster to difficult emotions when the images were rotated. These results offer less support for a deficiency model than for an atypical, rapid featural type of processing used by children with ASD to encode and understand complex socioemotional stimuli.

Précis ofDarwin, sex and status: Biological approaches to mind and culture

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome H. Barkow
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Human Sociobiology ◽  
Structured Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetic Fitness ◽  
Relative Standing

AbstractDarwin, Sex and Statusargues that a human sociobiology that mistakes evolutionary theory for theories of psychology and culture is wrong, as are psychologies that could never have evolved or social sciences that posit impossible psychologies. Status develops theories of human self-awareness, cognition, and cultural capacity that are compatible with evolutionary theory. Recurring themes include: the importance of sexual selection in human evolution; our species' preoccupation with self-esteem and relative standing; the individual as an active strategist, regularly revising culturally provided information; and awareness as an impressionmanagement device. Culture is a somewhat structured information pool that itself evolves, often in ways that reduce the genetic fitness of its participants.

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