Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Potassium Cyanide

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Bright ◽  
T.C. Marrs
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
First Order ◽  
Blood Cyanide

The pharmacokinetics of intravenously injected potassium cyanide have been studied in Beagle bitches. In the period up to about 80 min after dosing, blood levels fell in a manner consistent with first-order elimination kinetics. Thereafter blood cyanide concentrations fell at a slower rate, indicating that a second phase of slower elimination had been entered.

A Review with a Case History on the Effect of Renal Failure

1974 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 462-469
Author(s):  
Wayne A. Kradjan
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Case History ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
First Order ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Solid Oral Dosage Forms ◽  
Oral Dosage Forms

Although the majority of individuals medicated with diphenylhydantoin require doses in the range of 4–6 mg/kg/day (300–400 mg/day), there are many people who are known to deviate from this average in their requirements. Other persons may be stablized on a given dose of diphenylhydantoin, yet develop toxic signs or demonstrate lack of therapeutic effect at a later time. This paper reviews basic pharmacokinetics and elimination data for diphenylhydantoin, as well as the various parameters recognized as influencing diphenylhydantoin dosing requirements. A case history is presented1 to illustrate the possible effects of renal failure and how one individual's requirements changed as his clinical status changed. Among the physiological factors considered are liver function, renal function, genetic influences on metabolic disposition, and alterations that occur in serum protein binding of diphenylhydantoin. Physical characteristics that are considered include variability in formulation of various solid oral dosage forms, hazards of oral suspensions of diphenylhydantoin, efficacy of intramuscular injections, and failure of diphenylhydantoin to obey first order elimination kinetics. Finally, interaction of other drug products with diphenylhydantoin is discussed and summarized.

Reaction Kinetics of Thrombin Activity in Decalcified Plasma and Blood

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 580-593
Author(s):  
L. A Pálos ◽  
G Sas ◽  
A Csurgay
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Thrombin Time ◽  
First Order ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryThe reaction kinetics of the second phase of blood clotting (conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin) has been studied in euglobulin and thrombin-antithrombin systems. It was intended to set up relationships that would make mathematical expression of the processes possible and which would, moreover, help in detecting dynamic and functional relationships characteristic of the mechanism involved in coagulation.The experiments have yielded the following results:1. In the euglobulin solution containing no antithrombin the fibrinogen-thrombin reaction can be characterized with a constant deviation from the first order kinetics.2. The process of thrombin inactivation is a reaction of first order in the initial phase.3. The two basic processes (clotting by thrombin in euglobulin solution, inactivation of thrombin in defibrinated plasma) make it possible to predetermine the thrombin time of citrated plasma. Theoretical and actual clotting times were in good agreement.4. The thrombin time of plasma can be computed even if thrombin is not introduced to the system at one stride but gradually, a manner of administration which is a better imitation of what happening in vivo. 5. In connection with the computation of the “thrombin time” of citrated blood, we determined experimentally (and expressed by means of a function) the modification produced by the corpuscular elements of the blood in the reaction between fibrinogen and thrombin under atraumatic conditions.

Effect of DBCP on Fluchloralin Persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayte Brewer ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert ◽  
Terry L. Lavy
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
First Order ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Field Plots

Three field studies were conducted over a 2-yr period to evaluate the persistence of fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) aniline], and to determine whether DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) affected persistence. Fluchloralin was applied to field plots at 1.1 kg/ha with and without DBCP at 20.5 kg/ha. In the first study, soil samples were taken periodically over a 1-yr period and assayed for fluchloralin by both gas chromatography (GC) and a sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench ‘AKS-516’) root-elongation bioassay. Both methods of analysis indicated that fluchloralin persistence was unaffected by DBCP. An oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Ora’) bioassay of soil from the field plots 41 weeks after treatment showed no residual herbicide activity. In the next two field studies, soil samples were taken periodically over a 32-week period and assayed by GC for fluchloralin. A greenhouse sorghum bioassay of soil samples taken from both tests 32 weeks after application showed residual activity of fluchloralin in one test, but differences were not attributable to DBCP. A two-phase process of fluchloralin dissipation in field soil was indicated from analysis of the data using a complex first-order regression, as opposed to a simple first-order regression. Half-life values describing fluchloralin persistence, using the complex first-order regression, ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 weeks for the first phase and 9.5 to 26.7 weeks for the second phase.

First-Order Elimination Kinetics

2010 ◽  
pp. 536-536
Author(s):  
Joris C Verster ◽  
Thomas M. Tzschentke ◽  
Kieran O’Malley ◽  
Francis C Colpaert ◽  
Bart Ellenbroek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
First Order

scholarly journals Enhanced removal of refractory pollutant from aniline aerofloat wastewater using combined vacuum ultraviolet and ozone (VUV/O3) process

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2250-2259
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Deng ◽  
Dachao Zhang ◽  
Meng Wu ◽  
Philip Antwi ◽  
Hao Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Pollutant Degradation ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
First Order ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Coexisting Ions

Abstract Aerofloats, such as aniline aerofloat ((C6H5NH)2PSSH), are extensively employed for collection activities in wastewater particularly in cases where minerals are in flotation. Although this aniline aerofloat has efficient collection properties, they are ordinarily biologically persistent chemicals in which case their residual, as well as their byproducts, pose great environmental risks to water and soils. In this study, the removal efficiency of aniline aerofloat (AAF) by a combined vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and ozone (O3) process (VUV/O3) was evaluated. Furthermore, the impacts of pH, O3, the concentration of AAF and coexisting ions (SiO32−, CO32−, Cl− (Na+), SO42−, Ca2+) were systematically studied. The experiments revealed that, with an initial AAF of 15 mg/L, AAF removal >88% was feasible with a reaction time of 60 min, pH of 8 and O3 of 6 g/h. The order of influence of the selected coexisting ions on the degradation of AAF by VUV/O3 was Ca2+ > CO32− > SiO32− > Cl− (Na+) >SO42−. Compared with VUV and O3 in terms of pollutant degradation rate, VUV/O3 showed a remarkable performance, followed by O3 and VUV. Additionally, the degradation kinetics of AAF by the VUV/O3 process agreed well with first-order elimination kinetics.

Protective Effect of Stroma-free Methemoglobin during Cyanide Poisoning in Dogs

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-564. ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Breen ◽  
Schlomo A. Isserles ◽  
Eric Tabac ◽  
Michael F. Roizen ◽  
Uri Z. Taitelman
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Venous Pco2 ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Blood Cyanide

Background During fire exposure, cyanide toxicity can block aerobic metabolism. Oxygen and sodium thiosulfate are accepted therapy. However, nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia, which avidly binds cyanide, decreases oxygen-carrying capacity that is already reduced by the presence of carboxyhemoglobin (inhalation of carbon monoxide in smoke). This study tested whether exogenous stroma-free methemoglobin (SFmetHb) can prevent depression of hemodynamics and metabolism during canine cyanide poisoning. Methods In 10 dogs (weighing 18.8 +/- 3.5 kg) anesthetized with chloralose-urethane and mechanically ventilated with air, baseline hemodynamic and metabolic measurements were made. Then, 137 +/- 31 ml of 12 g% SFmetHb was infused into five dogs (SFmetHb group). Finally, the SFmetHb group and the control group (n = 5, no SFmetHb) received an intravenous potassium cyanide infusion (0.072 mg.kg-1.min-1) for 20 min. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured with a Datex Deltatrac (Datex Instruments, Helsinki, Finland) metabolic monitor and cardiac output (QT) was measured by pulmonary artery thermodilution. Results From baseline to cyanide infusion in the control group, QT decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 2.9 +/- 0.8 to 1.5 +/- 0.4 l/min, mixed venous PCO2 (PvCO2) tended to decrease from 35 +/- 4 to 23 +/- 2 mmHg, PvO2 increased from 43 +/- 4 to 62 +/- 8 mmHg, VO2 decreased from 93 +/- 8 to 64 +/- 19 ml/min, and lactate increased from 2.3 +/- 0.5 to 7.1 +/- 0.7 mM. In the SFmetHb group, cyanide infusion did not significantly change these variables. From baseline to infused cyanide, the increases in blood cyanide (4.8 +/- 1.0 to 452 +/- 97 microM) and plasma thiocyanate cyanide (18 +/- 5 to 65 +/- 22 microM) in the SFmetHb group were significantly greater than those increases in the control group. SFmetHb itself caused no physiologic changes, except small decreases in heart rate and PvO2. Peak SFmetHb reached 7.7 +/- 1.0% of total hemoglobin. Conclusions Prophylactic intravenous SFmetHb preserved cardiovascular and metabolic function in dogs exposed to significant intravenous cyanide. Blood concentrations of cyanide, and its metabolite, thiocyanate, revealed that SFmetHb trapped significant cyanide in blood before tissue penetration.

First-order elimination kinetics following baclofen overdose

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gerkin ◽  
Steven C Curry ◽  
Michael V Vance ◽  
Paul W Sankowski ◽  
Robert D Meinhart
Keyword(s):  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
First Order
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