scholarly journals Local Resistance in Early Medieval Chinese Historiography and the Problem of Religious Overinterpretation

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégoire Espesset

The official corpus of Chinese historiography contains a wealth of valuable information on what may be termed local resistance to the centralised empire in early medieval China (third to sixth century). Sinologists specialised in the study of Chinese religions commonly reconstruct the religious history of the era by interpreting some of these data. In the process, however, methodological mistakes often occur, such as disregard for the primary purpose of the historiography of local resistance, and ‘overinterpretation’—that is, ‘fabricating false intensity’ and ‘seeing intensity everywhere’, as French historian Paul Veyne proposed to define the term. Focusing on a cluster of historical anecdotes collected in the standard histories of the four centuries under consideration, this study discusses how the supposedly ‘religious’ data therein should, and should not, be dealt with.

T oung Pao ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 363-403
Author(s):  
Jie Shi

The important late fifth- or early sixth-century brick tomb at Xuezhuang in Dengxian (Henan) features a brick form at the rear wall, which remained mysterious until it has recently been shown to represent a Buddhist pagoda. This discovery sheds light on the purpose of the burial chamber, featuring the novel combination of vaulted ceiling, colonnade, and pagoda, as simulating an Indian-derived Buddhist temple (caitya). To reinforce this Buddhist context, the burial chamber simultaneously imitates the structure of a Buddhist votive stele (zaoxiangbei 造像碑), in which various Buddhist images, including the Buddha and bodhisattvas, apsaras, worshippers, and guardians, are carefully organized. The Xuezhuang tomb thus merges Buddhist structures with the traditional Chinese funerary structure, representing an entirely new manner in which funerary art and Buddhist art interacted with one another in early medieval China. While in earlier times Buddhist elements were subject to the unilaterally dominant funerary context, in the fifth to sixth centuries, as the importance of a specifically Buddhist context increased, the tomb occupant, whose coffin lay right before the pagoda, became an integral part of a simulated Buddhist structure as a worshipper symbolically poised to worship the pagoda or attend the “dead” Buddha in the concealed Buddhist “temple” that was the tomb.
La tombe importante, datant de la fin du ve siècle ou du début du vie, découverte à Xuezhang (Dengxian, Henan) comporte une forme en briques sur son mur postérieur dont on n’a montré que récemment qu’il s’agissait d’une pagode bouddhiste. Cette découverte éclaire l’objet de la chambre funéraire: la combinaison d’un plafond en voûte, d’une colonnade et d’une pagode évoque un temple bouddhiste de style indien (caitya). Renforçant encore ce contexte religieux, la chambre funéraire imite en même temps la structure d’une stèle votive bouddhiste (zaoxiangbei 造像碑), dans laquelle les images du Bouddha, des bodhisattvas, des apsaras, des adorateurs et des gardiens sont soigneusement disposées. La tombe de Xuezhang combine de la sorte des structures bouddhistes et une structure funéraire chinoise traditionnelle; elle représente une manière entièrement nouvelle dans la Chine du début du Moyen Âge, dans laquelle interagissent l’art funéraire et l’art bouddhique. Alors qu’auparavant les éléments bouddhistes étaient subordonnés à un contexte exclusivement funéraire, aux ve-vie siècles le contexte spécifiquement bouddhique a gagné en importance; en conséquence, l’occupant de la tombe, dont le cercueil était placé directement devant la pagode, est devenu partie intégrante d’une structure bouddhique simulée en tant qu’adorateur placé symboliquement pour faire ses dévotions à la pagode, ou alors être au service du Bouddha “mort” dans le temple bouddhique caché qu’était devenue la tombe.



2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-98
Author(s):  
Yi Ding

This article attempts to disentangle the semantics of zhai ? in early medieval China, mostly from the third century to the sixth, by examining both Indian and Chinese Buddhist sources. It demonstrates that semantic shifts in the term reflect a changing ritual context, as Chinese Buddhism rapidly took form. The article consists of two parts. The first part looks into how the Po?adha S?tra was first introduced to China and how the word po?adha was employed in early ?gama scriptures and the vinayas translated before the middle of the fifth century. The second part (from p. 89) examines the reception history of the lay po?adha and the transformation that it underwent in early medieval China. The po?adha/zhai in China eventually evolved into a religious feast centred on lay-monastic interaction in association with a variety of ritual elements, especially repentance rites.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Wen-Yi Huang

Abstract Using received texts and excavated funerary epitaphs, this article examines the intricacies of gender and migration in early medieval China by exploring women's long-distance mobility from the fourth century to the sixth century, when what is now known as China was divided by the Northern Wei and a succession of four southern states—the Eastern Jin, Liu-Song, Southern Qi, and Liang. I focus on three types of migration in which women participated during this period: war-induced migration, family reunification, and religious journeys. Based on this analysis, I propose answers to two important questions: the connection between migration and the state, and textual representations of migrants. Though the texts under consideration are usually written in an anecdotal manner, the references to women, I argue, both reveals nuances in perceptions of womanhood at the time and elucidates the contexts within—and through—which long-distance travel became possible for women.


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