Analysis of pigments and damages for the 19th century White-robed Water-moon Avalokitesvara Painting in Gongju Magoksa Temple, Republic of Korea

The White-Robed Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara painting displayed on the rear wall of Daegwangbojeon (main hall) in Magoksa temple, is one of the representative Buddhist paintings in the late nineteenth century of Korea, and a valuable resource for understanding the coloring techniques and characteristics of Buddhist paintings in terms of expression and description in landscape painting. In this painting, the contours and colored surface remain undamaged, but blistering and exfoliation appear on some pigment layers. Furthermore, the partial decomposition of wooden materials due to wood-decay fungi and insect damage were found on the rear wall requiring proper treatment for long-term conservation. As the results of chromaticity and P-XRF analysis regarding the color pigment layer of the painting, the pigments were classified into ten types. The results suggest that the colors other than blue, green, yellow, red, black, and white were prepared by mixing two or more pigments. The types of pigments according to colors, were determined as traditional pigments with azurite; emerald green or clinoatacamite; 0 massicot; minium or hematite; Chinese ink; and kaolin, white lead, and gypsum, respectively. Violet and pink colors were assumed to have been prepared by mixing white with blue and red. In most of these pigments, small amounts of synthetic compositions from the modern era were detected at many points.

Determination of the design parameters of the beet planter for uniform seed distribution

In the Tambov region, due to the widespread introduction of promising technologies for growing sugar beets, its yield has significantly increased, at the same time, the used seeding machines are not always able to provide the required depth of planting seeds, which leads to loss of yield and difficulty in applying fertilizers. In the course of previous studies, it was determined that with an increase in the angle of the scraper over 60 degrees, an increase in the percentage of filling the cells of the disc with seeds in various hybrids occurs, so research has established that in the hybrid PMC-120 at an angle of installation of the scraper of 70 degrees, 100 percent of the cells are filled with seeds, while in hybrids XM-1820 and Troika, the cells were filled only by 93.3%. It should also be noted that the PMC-120 hybrid with a scraper angle of 70 degrees had the lowest damage to the pellets - 0.67%, while the XM-1820 and Troika hybrids had 0.83 and 0.73%, respectively. With an increase in the angle of installation of the scraper over 80 degrees, the percentage of damaged seeds increased from 0.4 to 0.66%, on the basis of this, the design of the seeding device was proposed and theoretically substantiated, a feature of which is the reverse rotation of the seeding disc, while the rear wall of the opener is made in the form of a parabola appropriate trajectory of movement of seeds, which ensures their distribution in the immediate vicinity of its rear wall, thereby reducing the risk of falling asleep to the bed of the furrow before the granules get there. It has been determined that the trajectory of the granule movement directly depends on the angular speed of the seeding disc, which in turn depends on the geometric characteristics of the cells of the seeding disc. It is theoretically substantiated that the speed of the seed in the disc cell is determined by the sum of the projections, which makes it possible to calculate the curved surface of the opener.

Suppression of Bottom Porosity in Fiber Laser Butt Welding of Stainless Steel

The application bottleneck of laser welding is being gradually highlighted due to a high prevalence of porosity. Although laser welding technology has been well applied in fields such as vehicle body manufacturing, the suppression of weld porosity in the laser welding of stainless steel containers in the pharmaceutical industry is still challenging. The suppression of bottom porosity was investigated by applying ultrasonic vibration, changing welding positions and optimizing shielding gas in this paper. The results indicate that bottom porosities can be suppressed through application of ultrasonic vibration at an appropriate power. The keyhole in ultrasound-assisted laser welding is easier to penetrate, with better stability. No obvious bulge at the keyhole rear wall is found in vertical down welding, and the keyhole is much more stable than that in flat welding, thus eliminating bottom porosity. The top and bottom shielding gases achieve the minimal total porosities, without bottom porosity.

Analysis of Pigments and Damages for the 19th Century White-Robed Water-Moon Avalokitesvara Painting in Gongju Magoksa Temple, Korea

The White-Robed Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara painting displayed on the rear wall of Daegwangbojeon (main hall) in Magoksa temple, is one of the representative Buddhist paintings in the late 19th century of Korea, and a valuable resource for understanding the coloring techniques and characteristics of Buddhist paintings in terms of expression and description in landscape painting. In this painting, the contours and colored surface remain undamaged, but blistering and exfoliation appear on some pigment layers. Furthermore, the partial decomposition of wooden materials due to wood-decay fungi and insect damage were found on the rear wall requiring proper treatment for long-term conservation. As the results of chromaticity and P-XRF analysis regarding the color pigment layer of the painting, the pigments were classified into ten types. The results suggest that the colors other than blue, green, yellow, red, black, and white were prepared by mixing two or more pigments. The types of pigments according to colors, were determined as traditional pigments with azurite; emerald green or clinoatacamite; massicot; minium or hematite; Chinese ink; and kaolin, white lead, and gypsum, respectively. Violet and pink colors were assumed to have been prepared by mixing white with blue and red. In most of these pigments, small amounts of synthetic compositions from the modern era were detected at many points.

The Roman mosaics of triclinia in Antioch

Presentation Title: The Roman mosaics of triclinia in AntiochResearch focus: The four designs of triclinia mosaics in AntiochSchool: Pázmány Péter Catholic University – Budapest, Hungary.Student Level: PhDPresentation Type: Poster Presentation AbstractThe Roman triclinia mosaics of Antioch are among the most interesting discoveries due to their premium Roman designs. These mosaics show significant Hellenistic artistic heritage in the representation of the classical and mythological topics (e.g. Iphigenia, Narcissus etc.) The main aim in this study was to classify the triclinia mosaics in Antioch according to their designs and to record them in a complex database including their topics, date, dimensions, exposures in order to determine possible connections between design elements and building types.Doro Levi in his book of 1947 “Antioch mosaic pavements” established the classical typology of Antiochian mosaics (T, U and Horseshoe shapes). However, I managed to identify a new design unnoticed by Levi, which I named H-shape design. This is composed of two large separated panels along the room, one with geometric motifs close to the rear wall and the second with figural representation close to the entrance and facing the rear wall.

Spatial structural characteristics of a combustion flow field in an ethylene-fueled supersonic combustor with a rear-wall-expansion cavity

A hybrid large eddy simulation (LES)/assumed subgrid probability density function (PDF) closure model was employed to investigate the structural characteristics of the combustion flow field in an ethylene-fueled supersonic combustor with a rear-wall-expansion cavity. The wall pressure distribution from numerical simulation was compared with experimental data, and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The spatial distribution characteristics of combustion heat release in the flow field are obtained from the simulation results. The reaction heat release zone is mainly distributed in the cavity. The cavity shear layer forms a concentrated reaction zone that produces a large amount of chemical heat release, thus further maintaining local stable combustion and forming a flame base. The front part of the cavity shear layer has the highest temperature in the whole flow field. There is still excess fuel reaching the cavity rear wall and producing a certain intensity of reaction. In addition, a dispersed small flame intermittently forms in the downstream near-wall region. The premixed combustion mode dominates the cavity recirculation zone, while the combustion in the downstream region evidently shows a non-premixed mode.

Control effect on deep cavity noise by slanted walls at low Mach numbers

Experimental and numerical studies on noise radiated by flow past a rectangular two-dimensional deep cavity with passive control are conducted to research the mechanism of cavity noise reduction at low Mach numbers. The clean cavity has a depth-to-length ratio of 1.5 and a width-to-length ratio of 3. The passive control method is used by slanting the front and rear walls. Using acoustic microphones, both the surface noise and far-field noise are tested in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel. It is observed that the slanted rear wall can suppress the noise effectively, but for the slanted front wall, the tones will be enhanced at some velocities. Numerical simulation is conducted to reveal the mechanism. The results reveal that the slanted rear wall can reflect the unsteadiness back to the shear layer and break up the vortices in it. These vortexes will diffuse after impacting the rear wall and prevent the perturbation from moving deeper, which brings a stable flow field into the cavity. As for the slanted front wall, the vortices will be enlarged and become accelerated in the shear layer, which makes the impingement of it to the rear wall more intense, thus leading to an increase in the noise level.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESISTING TO DIGGING FORCES EFFECTING STOCK BUCKET OF EXCAVATOR AND CYLINDRICAL BUCKET

The purpose of the work consists in the productivity increase of a single-bucket excavator at the expense of bucket shape perfection. The improved and offered bucket design will allow scooping more soil without changing hydraulic drive characteristics. This effect is achieved at the expense of the cylindrical shape of the rear wall of the bucket. There is presented a computation scheme of forces acting upon an improved bucket. The calculations of the advanced excavator bucket based on the YuMZ-6AKL tractor allowed drawing an outline of the supposed design and obtaining moment dependences of resistance on a bucket during digging upon a bucket rotation angle. The dependences of moment resistance on the bucket are formed for buckets with the capacity of 0.25m3, 0.35m3, 0.45m3, 0.55m3 and 0.65m3. The improved bucket design will allow increasing the volume of soil scooped thereby increasing productivity of single-bucket hydraulic excavators. Investigation methods – theoretical researches. The investigation results and novelty: there is offered the improved design of a bucket, a calculation circuit of forces acting upon an improved bucket. Conclusions: the advanced design of a bucket will allow scooping a larger volume of soil without changing hydraulic drive characteristics. In such a way, the productivity increase of single-bucket hydraulic excavators without changing hydraulic drive characteristic is achieved.