scholarly journals Prevalence of Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in 20 Dairy Herds in Two Counties in Central Michigan and Comparison of Prevalence of Antibody-Positive Cattle among Herds with Different Infection and Vaccination Status

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Houe ◽  
J. C. Baker ◽  
R. K. Maes ◽  
H. Wuryastuti ◽  
R. Wasito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

All cattle in 20 dairy herds randomly selected from herds participating in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association program in 2 counties in central Michigan were tested for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Virus-positive animals were retested to ascertain persistent infection with the virus. A total of 5,481 animals were tested for presence of BVDV. In 9 of the herds, all animals were also tested for virus neutralizing antibody titer. Based on infection and vaccination status, these 9 herds were divided into 3 different herd categories: A, 5 herds with currently no cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV and without any vaccination program against BVDV in recent years; B, 2 herds with no current PI cattle but using killed BVDV vaccines; and C, 2 herds with PI cattle. PI cattle were detected in 3 out of 20 herds (15%). A total of 7 of 5,481 animals (0.13%) were PI. The mean prevalences of antibody carriers in herd categories A, B, and C were 28.8%, 76.4% and 90.6%, respectively. For one herd in category A, antibody analyses indicated that mostly young stock was seropositive, suggested recent BVDV infection in a previously closed and naive herd. Cattle in category B herds were vaccinated with killed vaccine from the age of 15 months. These herds had several antibody negative animals among the younger cows, suggesting incomplete protection against BVDV infection. In the 3 herds in which PI animals were detected, all cattle had been vaccinated with killed vaccine. The antibody-positive animals had antibody titers that were significantly different both among herds and among herd categories. The antibody titers of animals exposed to PI animals were significantly higher than those of animals vaccinated with killed vaccine.

scholarly journals Application of Antibody Titers against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) as a Measure to Detect Herds with Cattle Persistently Infected with BVDV

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Houe ◽  
J. C. Baker ◽  
R. K. Maes ◽  
P. L. Ruegg ◽  
J. W. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Based on the distribution of antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in 10 Michigan dairy herds, it was calculated that screening of 5 young stock for BVDV antibody titer could be used to distinguish herds with persistently infected (PI) animals from herds without such animals. The herds were selected to represent 3 different herd categories: A, herds without use of vaccination and without PI animals (5 herds); B, herds with use of killed vaccine but no PI animals (2 herds); C, herds with use of killed vaccine and presence of PI animals (3 herds). The animals were described as having high antibody titers (≥ 128) or low antibody titers (≤ 64). For animals from 9 to 18 months of age, the probability of obtaining at least 3 animals with high titers among a screening sample of 5 animals was calculated as < 0.001 for all herds in category A, < 0.01 for the 2 herds in category B, and > 0.99 for all herds in category C. Thus, among herds in this study, by categorizing 9-1 &month-old animals as having high titers (> 128) or low titers (< 64), herds with PI cattle could be distinguished from other herds by testing only 5 animals.

scholarly journals Prevalence of bovines persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in dairy cattle herds in Paraná State, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara B. Freitas ◽  
Avelino M.F. Correa ◽  
Altair A. Valotto ◽  
Nicoly N. Marcom ◽  
Laís R. Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to establish the prevalence of animals persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in dairy farms at Parana State, Brazil. Samples were collected from 6,465 female Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle, including animals less than two years old, females over two years old who had not given birth at the farm, and mothers of calves diagnosed as persistently infected. The cattle came from 40 dairy herds distributed in 10 municipalities in the State of Paraná. The samples were obtained from May 2015 to August 2018. The diagnosis of PI animals was made with an antigen-capture ELISA test. We detected PI animals in fifteen herds sampled (37.5%), ranging from one to sixteen animals per herd. The prevalence in Parana State’s municipalities was 1.78%, ranging from 0.3 to 8.9% at positive herds. The analysis of the individual herds shows significant dissemination of the BVDV in Parana’s municipalities, including endemic areas. With this, we highlight the need for measures to raise awareness among producers about the existence and importance of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in dairy herds, reinforcing the PI animals’ role in disease epidemiology and the economic impact caused by the maintenance of these farm animals.

Attenuated lymphocyte activation leads to the development of immunotolerance in bovine fetuses persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus†

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanah M Georges ◽  
Katie J Knapek ◽  
Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann ◽  
Hana Van Campen ◽  
Thomas R Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Lymphocyte Activation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Type I ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea virus continues to cost the cattle industry millions of dollars each year despite control measures. The primary reservoirs for bovine viral diarrhea virus are persistently infected animals, which are infected in utero and shed the virus throughout their lifetime. The difficulty in controlling the virus stems from a limited understanding of transplacental transmission and fetal development of immunotolerance. In this study, pregnant bovine viral diarrhea virus naïve heifers were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus on day 75 of gestation and fetal spleens were collected on gestational days 82, 97, 190, and 245. Microarray analysis on splenic RNA from days 82 and 97 revealed an increase in signaling for the innate immune system and antigen presentation to T cells in day 97 persistently infected fetuses compared to controls. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on select targets validated the microarray revealing a downregulation of type I interferons and lymphocyte markers in day 190 persistently infected fetuses compared to controls. Protein was visualized using western blot and tissue sections were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Data collected indicate that fetal immunotolerance to bovine viral diarrhea virus developed between days 97 and 190, with mass attenuation of the immune system on day 190 of gestation. Furthermore, lymphocyte transcripts were initially unchanged then downregulated, suggesting that immunotolerance to the virus stems from a blockage in lymphocyte activation and hence an inability to clear the virus. The identification of lymphocyte derived immunotolerance will aid in the development of preventative and viral control measures to implement before or during pregnancy.

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