The Associations Between Pre- and Postnatal Maternal Symptoms of Distress and Preschooler’s Symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Anxiety

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1057-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bothild Bendiksen ◽  
Heidi Aase ◽  
Lien My Diep ◽  
Elisabeth Svensson ◽  
Svein Friis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Maternal Distress ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
And Gender

Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the associations between pre- and postnatal maternal distress and preschooler’s symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and anxiety, by timing and gender. Method: Children, aged 3.5 years ( N = 1,195), recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, were assessed with a semistructured parental psychiatric interview. Perinatal maternal symptoms of distress were assessed by Symptom Checklist (SCL-5); Poisson regression was used to examine the associations. Results: Mid-gestational maternal distress significantly increased the average number of child symptoms, ranging between 3.8% for ADHD hyperactive–impulsive (ADHD-HI) and 8.7% for anxiety. The combination of high maternal scores of distress both pre- and postnatally were associated with increased risk of child symptoms of anxiety (relative risk [RR] = 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.43, 3.07]), CD (RR = 1.83; 95% CI = [1.33, 2.51]), and ODD (RR = 1.30; 95% CI = [1.03, 1.64]), with minor sex differences. Conclusion: Maternal distress during mid-gestation was associated with ADHD, behavioral, and emotional symptoms in preschool children. Continued exposure into the postnatal period may further increase these risk associations .

The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1027-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Biederman ◽  
C. R. Petty ◽  
C. Dolan ◽  
S. Hughes ◽  
E. Mick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Survival Function ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

BackgroundA better understanding of the long-term scope and impact of the co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) youth has important clinical and public health implications.MethodSubjects were assessed blindly at baseline (mean age=10.7 years), 1-year (mean age=11.9 years), 4-year (mean age=14.7 years) and 10-year follow-up (mean age=21.7 years). The subjects' lifetime diagnostic status of ADHD, ODD and CD by the 4-year follow-up were used to define four groups (Controls, ADHD, ADHD plus ODD, and ADHD plus ODD and CD). Diagnostic outcomes at the 10-year follow-up were considered positive if full criteria were met any time after the 4-year assessment (interval diagnosis). Outcomes were examined using a Kaplan–Meier survival function (persistence of ODD), logistic regression (for binary outcomes) and negative binomial regression (for count outcomes) controlling for age.ResultsODD persisted in a substantial minority of subjects at the 10-year follow-up. Independent of co-morbid CD, ODD was associated with major depression in the interval between the 4-year and the 10-year follow-up. Although ODD significantly increased the risk for CD and antisocial personality disorder, CD conferred a much larger risk for these outcomes. Furthermore, only CD was associated with significantly increased risk for psychoactive substance use disorders, smoking, and bipolar disorder.ConclusionsThese longitudinal findings support and extend previously reported findings from this sample at the 4-year follow-up indicating that ODD and CD follow a divergent course. They also support previous findings that ODD heralds a compromised outcome for ADHD youth grown up independently of the co-morbidity with CD.

Diagnostic conundrum of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.

1991 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Loeber ◽  
Benjamin B. Lahey ◽  
Christopher Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant

scholarly journals DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: an investigation of shared liability in female twins

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Knopik ◽  
L. C. Bidwell ◽  
C. Flessner ◽  
N. Nugent ◽  
L. Swenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Shared Genetic

BackgroundDSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are not met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure.MethodWe examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11–19 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy.ResultsThe models suggested that DSM-IV ODD–CD covariation is attributed largely to shared genetic influences.ConclusionsThis is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine genetic and environmental overlap among these disorders while maintaining a DSM-IV hierarchical structure. The findings reflect primarily shared genetic influences and specific (i.e. uncorrelated) shared/familial environmental effects on these DSM-IV-defined behaviors. These results have implications for how best to define CD and ODD for future genetically informed analyses.

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