Assessment of choroidal vascularity index during the menstrual cycle

Purpose To explore the effect of menstrual cycle on choroidal vascularity index (CVI). Methods Thirty six eyes of 36 healthy women were included in this prospective study. The menstrual cycles were regular and ranged from 28 to 30 days in length. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained in 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and CVI were quantified. Results Mean subfoveal, nasal and temporal CT were significantly changed in mid-luteal phase in comparison to early follicular (p = 0.018, p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.037, p = 0.037, and p = 0.035, respectively). Mean CVI showed a significant change in mid-luteal phase when compared with early follicular (p = 0.001) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.036). Conclusion CVI seemed to be affected in mid-luteal phase of menstrual cycle. This should be considered while analyzing choroidal structure in otherwise healthy women.

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Retinal Vascular Changes during the Menstrual Cycle Detected with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2021/5514575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Linning Guo ◽

Chenlei Zhu ◽

Ziqi Wang ◽

Zhiqiang Gao ◽

Zongduan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽

Foveal Avascular Zone ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Retinal Capillary ◽

Capillary Plexus ◽

The Mean ◽

Vascular Status

Purpose. To evaluate the effects of the menstrual cycle on the retinal vascular status of healthy women by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Materials and Methods. Healthy women with regular natural menstrual cycles of 28 to 30 days were recruited for this prospective study. The women’s retinal vascular status was measured by OCTA at 3 time points: the early follicular, ovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The main outcome measures were foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters, perfusion density (PD) percentage in the superficial retinal capillary plexus (SCP), and PD percentage in the deep retinal capillary plexus (DCP). The mean arterial pressure (MAP), spherical equivalent (SE), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and axial (AL) were also measured in a same menstrual cycle. Results. In total, 62 right eyes of 62 women were included in the study. The mean age was 27.0 ± 1.73 (range, 24 to 31) years, and the mean menstrual cycle was 28.90 ± 0.84 (range, 28 to 30) days. The mean values of the DCP-PD parameters were significantly decreased in the nasal and inferior ETDRS subfields during the ovulatory phase. The mean DCP-PD in the nasal ETDRS subfield in the early follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases was 54.11 ± 2.85, 56.39 ± 3.03, and 55.70 ± 3.27, respectively. The mean DCP-PD in the inferior ETDRS subfield in the early follicular, ovulatory, and midluteal phases was 52.90 ± 3.30, 54.86 ± 2.51, and 55.21 ± 2.64, respectively. No significant differences were found in MAP, SE, AL, IOP, FAZ area, or other quadrants of PD parameters, and no significant correlation was found between parameters by OCTA and age, MAP,SE, axial length, or IOP. Conclusions. The DCP-PD decreased in the nasal and inferior ETDRS subfields during the ovulatory phase in our study. This may indicate the need to consider the menstrual phase when interpreting DCP-PD parameters by OCTA in healthy women.

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Diurnal rhythm of free estradiol during the menstrual cycle

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1480227 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 148 (2) ◽

pp. 227-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

AM Bao ◽

RY Liu ◽

EJ van Someren ◽

MA Hofman ◽

YX Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Diurnal Rhythm ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Temporal Organization ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Menstrual Cycles ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Reproductive Life ◽

Periodic Regression ◽

Free Estradiol

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diurnal rhythm of estrogens in normally cyclic women during reproductive life. DESIGN: Multiple saliva sampling in normally cyclic healthy women during reproductive life at different phases of their menstrual cycles was carried out. METHODS: Salivary estradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in samples collected every 2 h for 24 h from 15 normally cyclic healthy women during reproductive life during the menstrual phase, the late follicular/peri-ovulation phase, the early to mid luteal phase and the late luteal phase, respectively, of their menstrual cycles. The levels of salivary estradiol were analyzed by means of periodic regression. RESULTS: A daily biological rhythm of free estradiol was found after quantification with a nonlinear periodic regression model. The observed diurnal free estradiol rhythm consists of two major components: an asymmetrically peaked diurnal cycle and ultradian harmonics in the range of 6 to 12 h. The diurnal and ultradian rhythms were remarkably consistent throughout the menstrual cycle in terms of mesor (24 h mean level), peak width and amplitude. There was a tendency for the 24-h rhythm acrophases to converge in the early morning, while the acrophase of the menstrual phase occurred significantly later than in the late follicular/peri-ovulation phase. CONCLUSIONS: The diurnal rhythm of estradiol has a similar complex temporal organization for different menstrual phases. The menstrual cycle mainly modulates the acrophase of the diurnal rhythm.

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A prospective study on 71 children to investigate normative pediatric values in optical coherence tomography

Neuropediatrics ◽

10.1055/s-0033-1337726 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (02) ◽

Author(s):

A Stroet ◽

K Weigt-Usinger ◽

R Gold ◽

T Lücke

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

A Prospective Study

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Retinal and choroidal thickness measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in anterior and intermediate uveitis.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718776353.793529317 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Shwu-Jiuan Sheu ◽

Shih-Chou Chen

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Intermediate Uveitis ◽

Thickness Measurements

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Automatic Segmentation of Choroid Layer Using Deep Learning on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5488

Author(s):

Wei Ping Hsia ◽

Siu Lun Tse ◽

Chia Jen Chang ◽

Yu Len Huang

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Automatic Segmentation ◽

Average Error ◽

Good Prediction ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Learning Method ◽

Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness ◽

Fully Connected

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the accuracy of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement of choroidal thickness in healthy eyes using a deep-learning method with the Mask R-CNN model. Thirty EDI-OCT of thirty patients were enrolled. A mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) model composed of deep residual network (ResNet) and feature pyramid networks (FPNs) with standard convolution and fully connected heads for mask and box prediction, respectively, was used to automatically depict the choroid layer. The average choroidal thickness and subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured. The results of this study showed that ResNet 50 layers deep (R50) model and ResNet 101 layers deep (R101). R101 U R50 (OR model) demonstrated the best accuracy with an average error of 4.85 pixels and 4.86 pixels, respectively. The R101 ∩ R50 (AND model) took the least time with an average execution time of 4.6 s. Mask-RCNN models showed a good prediction rate of choroidal layer with accuracy rates of 90% and 89.9% for average choroidal thickness and average subfoveal choroidal thickness, respectively. In conclusion, the deep-learning method using the Mask-RCNN model provides a faster and accurate measurement of choroidal thickness. Comparing with manual delineation, it provides better effectiveness, which is feasible for clinical application and larger scale of research on choroid.

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A Comparison of Radial and Horizontal Macular Optical Coherence Tomography on Detection of Macular Pathology: A Prospective Study at an Academic Institution

Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases ◽

10.1177/2474126421997053 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 247412642199705

Author(s):

Halward M.J. Blegen ◽

Samuel D. Hobbs ◽

Reggie Taylor ◽

Andrew L. Plaster ◽

Paul M. Drayna

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Macular Degeneration ◽

Epiretinal Membrane ◽

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Age Related ◽

Macular Diseases ◽

A Prospective Study

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful in diagnosing and monitoring retinal pathology such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema (DME), central serous chorioretinopathy, and epiretinal membrane, among others. This study compared the ability of horizontal (H) 25-, 13-, and 7-cut macular OCT vs 24-, 12-, and 6-cut radial (R) macular OCT in identifying various macular pathology. Methods: This was a prospective study of 161 established patients evaluated at Wilford Hall Eye Center Retina Clinic between September and October of 2019. Pathology included age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, DME, and epiretinal membrane, among others. Patients obtained 25-, 13-, and 7-cut H raster OCT as well as 24-, 12-, and 6-cut R OCT. Primary outcomes were sensitivity in detecting macular fluid and each macular abnormality. Results: The 24-cut radial (R24) OCT equally or out-performed the H25 (horizontal 25-cut OCT) in detecting macular fluid across all pathological groups. Generally, a higher number of cuts correlated with better detection of fluid. In detecting any macular abnormalities, H25, R24, and R12 had 100% sensitivity. R6 OCT had near 100% sensitivity across all groups, except for DME (95%). Overall, R OCT had better sensitivity (0.960) than H OCT (0.907) in detecting macular pathology. Conclusions: R outperformed H macular OCT in detecting fluid and other abnormalities. Clinically, both scanning patterns can be used by ophthalmologists in diagnosis and management of commonly encountered macular diseases. Technicians may be able to use a variety of these scans to screen for pathology prior to physician evaluation.

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Geographic mapping of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes using 1050-nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences ◽

10.1142/s1793545815500121 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 08 (04) ◽

pp. 1550012 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Qinqin Zhang ◽

Maureen Neitz ◽

Jay Neitz ◽

Ruikang K. Wang

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

High Myopia ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Radial Distance ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Temporal Region ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

The Mean

Purpose: To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness (CT) around the macular region among subjects with low, moderate and high myopia. Methods: 20 myopic subjects (n = 40 eyes) without other identified pathologies participated in this study: 20 eyes of ≤ 3 diopters (D) (low myopic), 10 eyes between -3 and -6D (moderate myopic), and 10 eyes of ≥ 6D (high myopic). The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years (± 7.6 years; range, 24 to 46 years). A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system, operating at 120 kHz imaging rate, was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length (IOL) in the subject. The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants, from which the CT was measured, representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer and inner scleral border. Measurements were made within concentric regions centered at fovea centralis, extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions. The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia. Results: For low myopic eyes, the IOL was measured at 24.619 ± 0.016 mm. The CT (273.85 ± 49.01 μm) was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes. Peripheral to the fovea, the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction, reaching a minimum of 180.65 ± 58.25μm at 5 mm away from the fovea. There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25 ± 42.27 μm. In contrast to the low myopic eyes, for moderate and high myopic eyes, CTs were thickest in temporal region (where CT = 194.94 ± 27.28 and 163 ± 34.89 μm, respectively). Like the low myopic eyes, moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region (where CT = 100.84 ± 16.75 and 86.64 ± 42.6μm, respectively). High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL (25.983 ± 0.021mm), while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413 ± 0.022 mm (**p < 0.001). The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 μm/D (diopter) from low to moderate myopia, whilst it is 13.49 μm/D from moderate to high myopia. The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study: 0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia, and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia. Conclusion: The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition. The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.

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