Emotions as mediators of the stereotype–discrimination relationship: A BIAS map replication

A central theoretical assumption in the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) map framework is that emotions mediate the relationships between stereotypes and intergroup behavior. Despite the BIAS map’s popularity, very few studies have tested the model’s mediation hypotheses and none have tested them by replicating the original study (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007, Study 1). We provide a replication in a Norwegian sample ( N = 244). The results supported that stereotype content is related to behavior tendencies, mediated through emotional prejudices. However, for each of the four behavior outcomes the effect of stereotype content was mediated through one emotion rather than two as predicted by the BIAS map. Our findings both converge and diverge from those of Cuddy and colleagues, and provide support for theoretical propositions unsupported by the original study. Overall, the study provides empirical support for the BIAS map framework and its cross-cultural validity.

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The Beck Hopelessness Scale

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000240 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 111-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Marianna Szabó ◽

Veronika Mészáros ◽

Judit Sallay ◽

Gyöngyi Ajtay ◽

Viktor Boross ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binary Data ◽

Factor Model ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Cultural Validity ◽

Beck Hopelessness Scale ◽

Method Effects ◽

Hungarian Population ◽

Components Analysis

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to examine the construct and cross-cultural validity of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS; Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974 ). Beck et al. applied exploratory Principal Components Analysis and argued that the scale measured three specific components (affective, motivational, and cognitive). Subsequent studies identified one, two, three, or more factors, highlighting a lack of clarity regarding the scale’s construct validity. In a large clinical sample, we tested the original three-factor model and explored alternative models using both confirmatory and exploratory factor analytical techniques appropriate for analyzing binary data. In doing so, we investigated whether method variance needs to be taken into account in understanding the structure of the BHS. Our findings supported a bifactor model that explicitly included method effects. We concluded that the BHS measures a single underlying construct of hopelessness, and that an incorporation of method effects consolidates previous findings where positively and negatively worded items loaded on separate factors. Our study further contributes to establishing the cross-cultural validity of this instrument by showing that BHS scores differentiate between depressed, anxious, and nonclinical groups in a Hungarian population.

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