Empirical support for credibility and giving in cross-cultural psychotherapy.

1989 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet P. Lefley
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cross Cultural

Maternal Aggression

2021 ◽  
pp. 235-264
Author(s):  
Vibeke Ottesen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Maternal Aggression ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Successful Prediction ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Societal Level

This chapter explores evolutionary psychological (EP) perspectives on maternal aggression, focusing on physical aggression, both lethal and nonlethal. It argues that the psychological mechanisms underpinning such aggression held an adaptive function to our foremothers. If such mechanisms formerly did hold an adaptive function, then maternal aggression should not be expected to be a random event, nor necessarily caused by pathology. Rather, the risk factors and characteristic traits of maternal aggression should follow an ancestrally adaptive and evolutionary logic. In which case, it should be a predictable phenomenon on a societal level. And as the chapter presents, the theoretical understanding of maternal aggression that EP perspectives offer has allowed for the successful prediction of risk factors and characteristic traits for such aggression. The chapter reviews these risk factors and traits, along with the theoretical reasoning the predictions are based on and the cross-cultural empirical support for their existence.

Cross-Cultural Approach to Anxiety Disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-760
Author(s):  
William Eysenck ◽  
Michael W. Eysenck
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

In his theory of anxiety disorders, Eysenck (1997) argued that focus on one's own behavior is associated with social phobia, whereas focus on future-oriented threat cognitions is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. These foci occur in part because social phobics tend to be introverted and obsessive-compulsives either perceive themselves as having onerous responsibilities or actually do have them (e.g., women with infants). These assumptions have empirical support (Eysenck). We can use the theory to predict cross-cultural differences in anxiety disorders. Social phobia should be more common in introverted cultures. We correlated lifetime incidence of social phobia (data: Wittchen & Fehm, 2001) with extraversion (data: Steel & Ones, 2002) across several countries, obtaining the predicted negative correlation (-0.35). We will expand the database to establish definitively the strength of this association. We will also explore the prediction that people in individualistic countries (emphasizing personal responsibility) have a higher incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder than those in collectivistic countries, a prediction receiving preliminary support (e.g., Essau, Sakano, Ishikawa, & Sasagawa, 2004).

Temperament and Personality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Gartstein ◽  
Samuel P. Putnam ◽  
Elaine N. Aron ◽  
Mary K. Rothbart
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research addressing temperament and personality, particularly as these are relevant to clinical applications. Our review begins with a brief history of influential frameworks and foundational constructs, including aspects they share in common and others engendering disagreement. Measurement approaches, development of temperament/personality, the biological underpinnings, and studies addressing cross-cultural and gender differences, are also noted in this review. The chapter concludes with problems in adaptation associated with temperament, focusing on ameliorating those difficulties through clinical applications of temperament and personality constructs with children and adults. Importantly, a developmental, empirically focused perspective informed this chapter, and as a result, this work includes references to developmental periods from early childhood to adulthood, emphasizing approaches that have received empirical support.

scholarly journals Adaptation and Validation of the Steen Happiness Index into Polish

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Kaczmarek ◽  
Maja Stanko-Kaczmarek ◽  
Stephan Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Reliability Study ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Authentic Happiness ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Response Method ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Method R

Adaptation and Validation of the Steen Happiness Index into Polish Authentic happiness is a construct comprising 3 factors: pleasure, engagement, and meaning (Seligman, Parks, & Steen, 2005). Three studies involving altogether 464 participants adapted and validated the authentic happiness measure Steen Happiness Index (SHI; Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005) into Polish. In Study 1 the Polish version of the scale was developed and its convergence with the original SHI was assessed using bilingual response method, r = .98, p < .001. In Study 2 cluster analysis confirmed the theoretical profiles of happiness, testing the proposed 3-factor structure of the scale, χ2 (116) = 180.62, GFI = .95, CFI=.97, SRMR = .04, RMSEA = .04, RMSEA 90% CI [.25 - .45]. Test-retest reliability (Study 3) yielded satisfactory results, rtt = .87, p < .01. This is the first study providing empirical support for the structural validity of the authentic happiness construct. It also shows the cross-cultural generality of the construct. We discuss some practical applications of the scale.

Cultural Motives in Information Systems Acceptance and Use

2011 ◽  
pp. 864-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Sanchez-Franco ◽  
Francisco José Martínez López
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Communication Practices ◽  
National Boundaries

In view of academic and theoretical perspective, the effects of culture on IS acceptance have been studied by researchers mostly based on Hofstede’s (1980) cultural construct. It has also been shown to be stable and useful for numerous studies across many disciplines. First, Hofstede’s dimensions assume culture falls along national boundaries and that the cultures are viewed as static over time. Second, Hofstede (1980) asserts that central tendencies in a nation are replicated in their institutions through the behaviour or practices of individuals. And, third, Hofstede’s framework explicitly links national cultural values to communication practices; i.e., communication practices using ICT are central to our study (see Merchant, 2002; Samovar, Porter, & Jain, 1981; Stohl, 2001). Furthermore, Hofstede’s model was important because it (a) organised cultural differences into overarching patterns, and (b) conducted the most comprehensive study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture, which (c) facilitated comparative research and launched a rapidly-expanding body of cultural and cross-cultural research in the ensuing 20 years. Hofstede’s (1980) cultural dimensions serve as the most influential culture theory among social science research, and has received strong empirical support. Hofstede, therefore, contributed the influential work in cross-cultural research. Hofstede (1984, p. 51) defines culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another”; and (b) proposes a series of four dimensions (a fifth was added later; that is, Confucian dynamism) that distinguishes between work-related values. The cultural dimensions are individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity. Hofstede and Bond (1988) found an additional dimension, which is particularly relevant to Asian culture, Confucian dynamism (i.e., often referred to as long/short term orientation). These value dimensions, which distinguish national value systems, also affect individuals and organizations.

Unequal Foundations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hitlin ◽  
Sarah K. Harkness
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Individual Outcomes

This book offers a novel theory and an original use of cross-cultural data to argue that the level of economic inequality in a society is reflected in the emotional experience of its members. People living in societies with greater equality experience more positive, binding emotions on a regular basis, while people living in unequal societies, like the United States, are significantly more likely to regularly experience negative, sanctioning moral emotions. We develop the idea that morality operates at both the societal and individual levels, and develop the thesis that individual moral emotions represent the distal structure of society. We bridge a number of areas in social science, including morality, inequality, social psychology, and the study of emotions. A good deal of work explains how being economically advantaged (or not) contributes to individual tastes, beliefs, values, and choices. Very little work links the extent of the advantages within a society to individual outcomes. We suggest that being advantaged in a relatively equal society leads to different experiences and shared cultures than being advantaged in a highly unequal society. We offer a novel use of established data from a tool drawn from the well-established Affect Control Theory tradition to demonstrate empirical support for our theory. As such, we go beyond previous work by showing data that supports our theory using a method that is designed for cross-cultural comparative research. We aim for this book to stimulate future work via different tools to test our theoretical argument.

Biculturalism and cross-cultural competence: examination of an attribution complexity theory-based model

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lakshman ◽  
Sangeetha Lakshman ◽  
Kubilay Gok
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Leadership Effectiveness ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cultural Adjustment ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cultural Leadership ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

PurposeBased on attributional complexity (AC) theory, the authors empirically examine the impact of biculturalism on cross-cultural adjustment and the degree to which people make isomorphic attributions, critical for cross-cultural leadership effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachUsing questionnaire surveys, the authors first validate measures in a validation sample and then empirically test the model in a second sample, using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors’ findings reveal an empirical connection between biculturalism and AC on the one hand, while also showing support for the relationship between biculturalism and attributional knowledge. Findings also demonstrate that biculturalism is related to attributional accuracy in cross-cultural contexts via an attributional mechanism, as suggested by AC theory.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, AC theory emerges as one with excellent prospects for explaining intercultural work in multicultural settings. Biculturalism's links to AC and attributional knowledge are critical for extensions to cross-cultural leadership effectiveness, and international knowledge transfer, interesting and high potential research avenues for the discipline.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings carry a host of managerial implications. AC training can provide all international assignees with the necessary foundational skills and learning abilities to successfully interact in the host country setting with local nationals. This study also suggests that managers on international assignments should focus their efforts on acquiring attributional knowledge because it can provide a solid boost to their understanding of the local culture.Originality/valueOne’s understanding of biculturals and their cross-cultural management competencies is very limited. The authors provide empirical support for the hypotheses, hitherto unexamined in extant literature.

Emotions as mediators of the stereotype–discrimination relationship: A BIAS map replication

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1078-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hege H. Bye ◽  
Henrik Herrebrøden
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Cultural Validity ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Behavior Outcomes ◽  
Intergroup Behavior

A central theoretical assumption in the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) map framework is that emotions mediate the relationships between stereotypes and intergroup behavior. Despite the BIAS map’s popularity, very few studies have tested the model’s mediation hypotheses and none have tested them by replicating the original study (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007, Study 1). We provide a replication in a Norwegian sample ( N = 244). The results supported that stereotype content is related to behavior tendencies, mediated through emotional prejudices. However, for each of the four behavior outcomes the effect of stereotype content was mediated through one emotion rather than two as predicted by the BIAS map. Our findings both converge and diverge from those of Cuddy and colleagues, and provide support for theoretical propositions unsupported by the original study. Overall, the study provides empirical support for the BIAS map framework and its cross-cultural validity.

The sense of obligation is culturally modulated

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bender
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Sense Of Obligation ◽  
Cross Cultural Studies

Abstract Tomasello argues in the target article that, in generalizing the concrete obligations originating from interdependent collaboration to one's entire cultural group, humans become “ultra-cooperators.” But are all human populations cooperative in similar ways? Based on cross-cultural studies and my own fieldwork in Polynesia, I argue that cooperation varies along several dimensions, and that the underlying sense of obligation is culturally modulated.

Cognitive gadgets: A provocative but flawed manifesto

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cherry Picking ◽  
Dichotomous Thinking

Abstract The argument against innatism at the heart of Cognitive Gadgets is provocative but premature, and is vitiated by dichotomous thinking, interpretive double standards, and evidence cherry-picking. I illustrate my criticism by addressing the heritability of imitation and mindreading, the relevance of twin studies, and the meaning of cross-cultural differences in theory of mind development. Reaching an integrative understanding of genetic inheritance, plasticity, and learning is a formidable task that demands a more nuanced evolutionary approach.

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