scholarly journals A Study of the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Central Pontine Myelinolysis in a Rat Model

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q-H Ke ◽  
T-B Liang ◽  
J Yu ◽  
S-S Zheng

The development of central pontine myelinolysis was studied in rats. Severe hyponatraemia was induced using vasopressin tannate and 2.5% dextrose in water and then rapidly corrected with hypertonic saline alone, hypertonic saline and dexamethasone simultaneously, or hypertonic saline plus dexamethasone 24 h later. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was evaluated using the extravasation of Evans blue dye and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the brain was examined using Western blot analysis. Histological sections were examined for demyelinating lesions. In rats receiving hypertonic saline alone, Evans blue dye content and expression of iNOS began to increase 6 and 3 h, respectively, after rapid correction of hyponatraemia and demyelinating lesions were seen. When dexamethasone was given simultaneously with hypertonic saline, these increases were inhibited and demyelinating lesions were absent. These effects were lost if dexamethasone injection was delayed. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and increased iNOS expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of central pontine myelinolysis, and early treatment with dexamethasone may help prevent the development of central pontine myelinolysis.

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin J. Durward ◽  
Rolando F. Del Maestro ◽  
A. Loren Amacher ◽  
J. Keith Farrar

✓ The influence of intracranial pressure (ICP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) upon the development of vasogenic cerebral edema is largely unknown. To study their relationship, the authors have produced an osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier unilaterally in rabbits by injecting 1 cc/kg of 2M NaCl into the left internal carotid artery. The amount of vasogenic edema produced was assessed by quantitation of the extravasation of Evans blue dye into the area of maximum blood-brain barrier breakdown by means of optical densitometry following formamide extraction. The ICP was measured using a cisterna magna catheter into which mock cerebrospinal fluid could be infused at a predetermined pressure. The SAP was controlled by exsanguination from a femoral artery catheter. In 18 animals in which blood pressure was not controlled, no significant relationship between the ICP and the degree of Evans blue dye extravasation was noted. In these animals, however, a direct relationship between CPP (defined as mean arterial pressure minus mean ICP) and extravasation of Evans blue dye was found (correlation coefficient 0.630; p < 0.001). When ICP was held constant at 0 to 5 mm Hg in another group of 16 animals and different levels of blood pressure were produced by exsanguination, a significant direct relationship between extravasation of Evans blue dye and the SAP was found (correlation coefficient 0.786; p < 0.001). In a third group of 20 animals, the blood pressure was held constant at 90 to 100 mm Hg and the ICP was varied between 0 and 75 mm Hg. There was a highly significant result indicating increasing Evans blue dye extravasation with lower levels of ICP (p < 0.001). Cerebral blood flow determinations by the hydrogen clearance method indicated loss of autoregulation in all animals in the areas of brain injured by intracarotid hypertonic saline. These results indicate that high SAP and low ICP (that is, a large CPP) promote Evans blue dye extravasation in this model of blood-brain barrier disruption. This finding has implications for the management of patients with vasogenic edema.


Author(s):  
П.П. Трегуб ◽  
Н.А. Малиновская ◽  
В.П. Куликов ◽  
Д.А. Кузовков

Цель исследования - оценка проницаемости ГЭБ после сочетанного воздействия гиперкапнии и гипоксии. Методика. Исследования проведены на 40 крысах-самцах Wistar рандомизированых на 4 равные группы (n=10): нормобарическая гипоксия (PO2 - 90 мм рт. ст./13%; PCO2 - 1 мм рт. ст./0,1%); пермиссивная гиперкапния (PO2 - 150 мм рт. ст./21%; PСO2 - 50 мм рт. ст./7%); гиперкапническая гипоксия (PO2 - 90 мм рт. ст./13%; PCO2 - 50 мм рт. ст./7%); контрольная группа (PO2 - 150 мм рт. ст./21%; PCO2 - 1 мм рт. ст./0,1%). Респираторные воздействия проводили в специальной камере в течение 15 сут по 30 мин ежедневно. Газовую смесь подавали в камеру компрессором со скоростью 15 л/мин. Контроль газового состава в камере проводили газоанализатором Microlux (Микролюкс, Россия). Через 24 ч после завершения курсов респираторных воздействий животным внутрибрюшинно вводили 2%-й раствор красителя Evans blue в объеме 4 мл/кг массы животного. Оценку проницаемости ГЭБ осуществляли через 24 ч после введения красителя путем фотометрического измерения его содержания в плазме крови и флуоресцентной микроскопии ткани головного мозга. Анализ интенсивности флуоресценции Evans blue в ткани головного мозга проводился на конфокальном микроскопе FV10i-W (Olympus, Япония). Определяли флуоресцентную интегративную оптическую плотность Evans blue с последующим расчетом индекса проницаемости по концентрации красителя в крови. Определение содержания красителя в крови осуществляли фотометрически (при 610 нм) с использованием планшетного фотометра Multiscan FS (Thermo scientific, США) по калибровочным кривым. Результаты. Индекс проницаемости ГЭБ (содержание в мозге/концентрация в крови) был существенно ниже в группах, которые подвергались респираторным воздействиям с наличием гиперкапнического компонента. Заключение. Интермиттирующая гиперкапническая гипоксия формирует наименьший уровень проницаемости ГЭБ по сравнению с изолированным воздействием гипоксии или гиперкапнии. The aim of study was to evaluate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability after a combined treatment with hypercapnia and hypoxia. Methods. Experiments were performed on 40 Wistar male rats randomized to 4 equal groups (n=10): normobaric hypoxia (PO2 = 90 mm Hg/13%/PCO2 = 1 mm Hg/0.1% CO2,), permissive hypercapnia (PO2 = 150 mm Hg/21%; PCO2 = 50 mm Hg/7%); hypercapnic hypoxia (PO2 = 90 mm Hg/13%, PCO2 = 50 mm Hg/7%); and a control group (PO2 - 150 mm Hg/21%; PCO2 - 1 mm Hg/0.1%) in a special chamber for 15 days, 30 min daily. The gas mixture was delivered to the chamber with a compressor at 15 l/min. Gas composition was monitored with a gas analyzer (Microlux, Russia). At 24 hrs after completion of respiratory exposures, Evans blue dye was administered i.p. (4 ml/kg body weight). BBB permeability was assessed from the content of Evans blue dye in blood plasma photometrically and in brain tissue by fluorescent microscopy. Evans blue fluorescence intensity in brain tissue was analyzed with a confocal microscope FV10i-W (Olympus, Japan). Fluorescent integrative optical density of Evans blue was determined and used for calculation of the permeability index from blood concentration of the dye. Blood concentration of the dye was measured photometrically (at 610 nm) with a plate photometer Multiscan FS (Thermo Scientific, USA) using calibration curves. Results. The BBB permeability index (content of Evans blue dye in the brain / concentration of Evans blue dye in blood) was significantly lower in the groups that underwent respiratory exposures with the presence of a hypercapnic component. Conclusion. Intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia yields the lowest BBB permeability compared to the isolated effect of either hypoxia or hypercapnia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim ◽  
Amanda Della Giustina ◽  
Fabricia Petronilho

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Pan ◽  
Kewei Yu ◽  
Theodore Weatherwax1 ◽  
Handong Zheng ◽  
Yirong Yang ◽  
...  

Background and Purpose: Fear of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been the primary reason for withholding tPA thrombolysis from acute ischemic stroke patients. Early blood brain barrier (BBB) damage is appreciated to be closely associated with post-thrombolysis ICH, while it remains a technical challenge for rapid assessment of BBB damage before tPA administration. Our recent data showed that cerebral ischemia induced rapid degradation of tight junction protein occludin in ischemic cerebromicrovessels. This study further investigates whether the cleaved occludin is released into the blood stream and how blood occludin levels correlate to the extent of ischemic BBB damage. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 1.5, 3, 4.5, 12 and 24 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 5-min reperfusion. Blood samples were taken before and after MCAO. Blood occludin was assessed by ELISA. BBB permeability was measured by Evans blue dye leakage. Occludin cleavage was identified on immunoblots. Results: MCAO induced Evans blue dye leakage and blood occludin increase in a duration-dependent manner. Blood occludin increase concurrently occurred with the loss of occludin from ischemic cerebral microvessels. Western blot analysis identified two cleaved occludin fragments (31- and 55- kDa) in the blood. Lastly, blood occludin levels remained significantly higher than its basal level within the first 24 hours after MCAO onset. Conclusions: Our results indicate that blood occludin levels correlate well with the extents of BBB damage and thus may serve as a potential biomarker for evaluating the risk of hemorrhagic transformation before tPA administration.


1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Georg Höllerhage ◽  
Michael R. Gaab ◽  
Matthias Zumkeller ◽  
Gerhard F. Walter

✓ Twenty anesthetized rats were randomly assigned to a nimodipine-treated group or a control group of 10 rats each. Local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) was measured by means of a surface electrode using the hydrogen clearance technique. Systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was varied with administration of norfenefrine or by hemorrhage in order to obtain SAP/cerebral blood flow (CBF) curves under different conditions. In the control group, a typical autoregulation curve was obtained with an lCBF plateau between 70 and 120 mm Hg SAP. The nimodipine-treated animals, however, showed only a slight diminution in the slope of the curve but no real plateau, indicating impairment of CBF autoregulation. In another series, 20 anesthetized rats were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group of 10 animals each. Intravenous Evans blue dye was used as a tracer for blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. In both groups, SAP was raised to a level of 180 mm Hg with administration of norfenefrine for 6 minutes. Extravasation of significantly more Evans blue dye was observed in the nimodipine group than in the control group, indicating impairment of the BBB. It is concluded that nimodipine may impair CBF autoregulation, allowing damage to the BBB under hypertensive conditions.


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