Is More Always Better? Optimal Amounts of Feedback in Learning to Calibrate Sensory Awareness

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Jarus
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Sensory Awareness ◽  
Effective Performance ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Two Age Groups

Contrary to predictions from early views on motor learning, recent studies have shown that reduction of the relative frequency of feedback regarding the success in achieving a goal (knowledge of results = KR) depresses performance during acquisition; whereas, in retention and transfer tests, an inverse relationship is found between performance and KR. The present study investigated the effect of reduced relative frequency of KR on the ability to calibrate kinesthetic awareness of 90 healthy young and older subjects. Across three task versions of kinesthetic acuity, practice conditions of 100% KR were compared with 33% equally spread and 33% faded practice conditions. The results of this study show that reduced relative KR frequency depressed the performance of the older subjects but raised the performance of the younger subjects in the acquisition phase. In retention, reduced relative KR frequency produced more effective performance than 100% KR, with no difference between the two age groups or the two 33% KR frequency conditions. These results seem to imply that treatment of patients on the ability to calibrate sensory awareness is benefited by providing these patients with KR at a low frequency.

Effects of Perceptual and Conceptual Processing on Memory for Words and Voice: Different Patterns for Young and Old

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Naveh-Benjamin ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Conceptual Processing ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Two Age Groups

In two experiments younger and older adults listened to a list of words presented auditorily by two speakers. The subjects processed each word either perceptually (voice judgements) or conceptually (pleasantness judgements), and were then given memory tasks for the words and the presenting voice. In the word-recognition task the two age groups benefited equally from conceptual as opposed to perceptual processing. In the voice memory task, however, conceptual processing improved performance relative to perceptual processing in the younger subjects (significantly so in Experiment 1), but conceptual processing was associated with decreased performance in the older group (significantly so in Experiment 2). These results suggest that whereas older subjects exhibit a trade-off in memory for item and attribute information, younger subjects exhibit a pattern of support, in which conceptual processing benefits memory for both items and their attributes.

Specific and Varied Practice of Motor Skill

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kerr ◽  
Bernard Booth
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Specific Practice ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Two Age Groups

To assess the potential effect of specific and varied practice on the development of motor schema, 64 children in two age groups (8 yr. and 12 yr.) were tested on a simple throwing task at the beginning and end of a 12-wk. physical education program. For the throwing test the children were assigned to either a specificity or a schema group (varied practice). The task was performed without visual feedback, but knowledge of results was given after each trial. Prior to both tests at the criterion target, the specific group was given practice throws using the criterion target distance, whereas the schema group practiced on two other targets. No differences were found between the two groups at the beginning of the program but on the posttest those children receiving a variety of practice on the throwing task performed significantly better than the specific-practice group. Thus it was suggested that a varied practice schedule may facilitate the initial formation of motor schema, and this process may be enhanced by participation in a physical education program.

Personality Disorder in Later Life: A Community Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Cohen ◽  
Gerald Nestadt ◽  
Jack F. Samuels ◽  
Alan J. Romanoski ◽  
Paul R. McHugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Relative Odds ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Two Age Groups

BackgroundThis exploratory study compares the prevalence of personality disorders and traits in people over and under 55 years of age. The comorbidity between personality and other psychiatric disorders is also examined.MethodPsychiatrists examined 810 subjects in a two-stage community survey. The semi-structured Standardized Psychiatric Examination was used to diagnose all DSM-III personality disorders and other psychiatric disorders.ResultsThe older subjects were significantly less likely than the younger subjects to have any personality disorder (6.6% v. 10.5%; relative odds = 0.42, 95% confidence interval = 0.25–0.70, P<0.001). Antisocial and histrionic personality disorders were much less prevalent in the older than younger subjects (P < 0.05). The older subjects also had significantly fewer maladaptive personality traits (x2 = 88.9, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001). The patterns of comorbidity between personality disorders and other psychiatric disorders were different in the two age groups.ConclusionsIt is important to evaluate personality in patients of all ages. While some older patients no longer meet criteria for personality disorder, maladaptive traits may become evident during times of stress.

Error-Related Oscillations

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kolev ◽  
C. Beste ◽  
M. Falkenstein ◽  
J. Yordanova
Keyword(s):  
Phase Synchronization ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Two Age Groups

The present study assesses the origins of reduction of error negativity (Ne) with advancing age in humans. Response-related potentials were recorded from young (mean age 22.5 years, n = 10) and older (mean age 58.3 years, n = 11) adults while they performed a four-choice reaction task (4CRT) in two modalities, auditory and visual. Trials from correct and error responses were analyzed separately for each modality. To achieve a reference-free evaluation, the current source density (CSD) of the signals was computed. RRPs were analyzed in the time-frequency (TF) domain by means of wavelet decomposition. Two TF components of RRPs from the delta (1.5–3.5 Hz) and theta (3.5–7 Hz) frequency ranges were assessed. The measured parameters were total power reflecting both the phase-locked and non-phase-locked activity, and phase-locking factor (PLF) reflecting the strength of phase-synchronization with stimulus, independent of magnitude. It was found that the total power of both the delta and theta TF components increased after errors in the two age groups, although this increase was more pronounced in young than older adults. Response-locked synchronization of delta responses also increased after errors, with this synchronizing ability being preserved in older subjects. What differentiated the error processing in the two age groups was the synchronization of theta oscillations with error responses, with this parameter being substantially reduced in older subjects. The results demonstrate that Ne reduction with aging is the result of an overall decrease in the power of delta and theta components, primarily of a decrease in the response-locked synchronization of theta oscillations after errors.

Differences in Trunk Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces Between Older and Younger Adults during Lifting

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Gwanseob Shin ◽  
Mack L. Nance ◽  
Gary A. Mirka
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Trunk Kinematics ◽  
Two Age Groups

Trunk kinematics, ground reaction forces, and the motion of the center of pressure (COP) of older and younger subjects were compared in lifting to study age-related differences between the two age groups. Ten older (55 ∼ 63 years old) and ten younger (19 ∼ 29 years old) adults performed lifting tasks under six different conditions; three destination heights and two asymmetry angles of origin. Subjects' trunk kinematics, ground reaction forces and COP motions were measured by the Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM) and a force plate. Older subjects showed significantly less trunk kinematics, peak ground reaction forces, and COP motions than younger subjects, indicating older subjects chose more stable lifting strategy and it might compensate for the decreased ability of postural control over age. Less ground reaction forces and motion of COP suggested that risks of falls and slips of older subjects were less than younger subjects.

Effects of age, gender, bolus volume, and bolus viscosity on oropharyngeal pressure during swallowing

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Perlman ◽  
J. G. Schultz ◽  
D. J. VanDaele
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Bolus Volume ◽  
Pharyngeal Pressure ◽  
Bolus Viscosity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Two Age Groups

Oropharyngeal pressure during swallowing was studied in a total of 40 healthy adult males and females in two age groups (21–27 yr and 62–75 yr). Effects of bolus volume, bolus viscosity, age, and gender were analyzed, and dry and bolus swallows were compared. The duration of the intrabolus pressure, reflecting the pressure exerted by the tongue on the bolus and preceding the generation of the pharyngeal pressure, was significantly affected by bolus volume. The duration of oropharyngeal pressure was affected by age, gender, and bolus type (bolus vs. dry swallow). Peak oropharyngeal pressure was not affected by any of the test factors, although there was a tendency for older subjects to have higher pressures than young subjects.

scholarly journals Learning to construct sentences in Spanish: a replication of the Weird Word Order technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1259
Author(s):  
Javier AGUADO-OREA ◽  
Hannah WITHERSTONE ◽  
Lisa BOURGEOIS ◽  
Ana BASELGA
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Probabilistic Learning ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Early Access ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Two Age Groups

AbstractIn the present study, children's early ability to organise words into sentences was investigated using the Weird Word Order procedure with Spanish-speaking children. Spanish is a language that allows for more flexibility in the positions of subjects and objects, with respect to verbs, than other previously studied languages (English, French, and Japanese). As in prior studies (Abbot-Smith et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2009; Franck et al., 2011; Matthews et al., 2005, 2007), we manipulated the relative frequency of verbs in training sessions with two age groups (three- and four-year-old children). Results supported earlier findings with regard to frequency: children produced atypical word orders significantly more often with infrequent verbs than with frequent verbs. The findings from the present study support probabilistic learning models which allow higher levels of flexibility and, in turn, oppose hypotheses that defend early access to advanced grammatical knowledge.

Effects of major depression on the cognitive function of younger and older subjects

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Tarbuck ◽  
E. S. Paykel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Timed Tests ◽  
Two Age Groups

SynopsisThe effects of age and depression on cognitive function were investigated in two groups of in-patient major depressives aged under and over 60 years who were tested when depressed and after recovery. The majority of the tests showed impaired performance during depression with improvement after recovery, and also differences between the two age-groups in both the depressed and recovered phases. However, the older subjects were not more severely affected by depression than the younger subjects. The pattern of impairment associated with depression was different to that associated with older age: depression affected performance on more ‘complex tasks’, whereas age was associated particularly with slowing on timed tests. This study did not suggest that the impairment from baseline due to depression is greater in the elderly than in younger subjects.

Concordance of Glucose-Based and of HbA1c-Based Diagnoses of Diabetes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease—A Comparison between Two Age Groups

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1522-P
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPH H. SAELY ◽  
ALEXANDER VONBANK ◽  
CHRISTINE HEINZLE ◽  
DANIELA ZANOLIN ◽  
BARBARA LARCHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Two Age Groups
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