Effects of Perceptual and Conceptual Processing on Memory for Words and Voice: Different Patterns for Young and Old

In two experiments younger and older adults listened to a list of words presented auditorily by two speakers. The subjects processed each word either perceptually (voice judgements) or conceptually (pleasantness judgements), and were then given memory tasks for the words and the presenting voice. In the word-recognition task the two age groups benefited equally from conceptual as opposed to perceptual processing. In the voice memory task, however, conceptual processing improved performance relative to perceptual processing in the younger subjects (significantly so in Experiment 1), but conceptual processing was associated with decreased performance in the older group (significantly so in Experiment 2). These results suggest that whereas older subjects exhibit a trade-off in memory for item and attribute information, younger subjects exhibit a pattern of support, in which conceptual processing benefits memory for both items and their attributes.

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Is More Always Better? Optimal Amounts of Feedback in Learning to Calibrate Sensory Awareness

The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research ◽

10.1177/153944929501500303 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 181-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tal Jarus

Keyword(s):

Motor Learning ◽

Relative Frequency ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Age Groups ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Knowledge Of Results ◽

Sensory Awareness ◽

Effective Performance ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Two Age Groups

Contrary to predictions from early views on motor learning, recent studies have shown that reduction of the relative frequency of feedback regarding the success in achieving a goal (knowledge of results = KR) depresses performance during acquisition; whereas, in retention and transfer tests, an inverse relationship is found between performance and KR. The present study investigated the effect of reduced relative frequency of KR on the ability to calibrate kinesthetic awareness of 90 healthy young and older subjects. Across three task versions of kinesthetic acuity, practice conditions of 100% KR were compared with 33% equally spread and 33% faded practice conditions. The results of this study show that reduced relative KR frequency depressed the performance of the older subjects but raised the performance of the younger subjects in the acquisition phase. In retention, reduced relative KR frequency produced more effective performance than 100% KR, with no difference between the two age groups or the two 33% KR frequency conditions. These results seem to imply that treatment of patients on the ability to calibrate sensory awareness is benefited by providing these patients with KR at a low frequency.

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Personality Disorder in Later Life: A Community Study

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.165.4.493 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 165 (4) ◽

pp. 493-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Bruce J. Cohen ◽

Gerald Nestadt ◽

Jack F. Samuels ◽

Alan J. Romanoski ◽

Paul R. McHugh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Personality Disorder ◽

Personality Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Exploratory Study ◽

Age Groups ◽

Later Life ◽

Community Survey ◽

Relative Odds ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Two Age Groups

BackgroundThis exploratory study compares the prevalence of personality disorders and traits in people over and under 55 years of age. The comorbidity between personality and other psychiatric disorders is also examined.MethodPsychiatrists examined 810 subjects in a two-stage community survey. The semi-structured Standardized Psychiatric Examination was used to diagnose all DSM-III personality disorders and other psychiatric disorders.ResultsThe older subjects were significantly less likely than the younger subjects to have any personality disorder (6.6% v. 10.5%; relative odds = 0.42, 95% confidence interval = 0.25–0.70, P<0.001). Antisocial and histrionic personality disorders were much less prevalent in the older than younger subjects (P < 0.05). The older subjects also had significantly fewer maladaptive personality traits (x2 = 88.9, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001). The patterns of comorbidity between personality disorders and other psychiatric disorders were different in the two age groups.ConclusionsIt is important to evaluate personality in patients of all ages. While some older patients no longer meet criteria for personality disorder, maladaptive traits may become evident during times of stress.

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Error-Related Oscillations

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.23.4.216 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 216-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

V. Kolev ◽

C. Beste ◽

M. Falkenstein ◽

J. Yordanova

Keyword(s):

Phase Synchronization ◽

Phase Locking ◽

Current Source ◽

Age Groups ◽

Theta Oscillations ◽

Total Power ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Two Age Groups

The present study assesses the origins of reduction of error negativity (Ne) with advancing age in humans. Response-related potentials were recorded from young (mean age 22.5 years, n = 10) and older (mean age 58.3 years, n = 11) adults while they performed a four-choice reaction task (4CRT) in two modalities, auditory and visual. Trials from correct and error responses were analyzed separately for each modality. To achieve a reference-free evaluation, the current source density (CSD) of the signals was computed. RRPs were analyzed in the time-frequency (TF) domain by means of wavelet decomposition. Two TF components of RRPs from the delta (1.5–3.5 Hz) and theta (3.5–7 Hz) frequency ranges were assessed. The measured parameters were total power reflecting both the phase-locked and non-phase-locked activity, and phase-locking factor (PLF) reflecting the strength of phase-synchronization with stimulus, independent of magnitude. It was found that the total power of both the delta and theta TF components increased after errors in the two age groups, although this increase was more pronounced in young than older adults. Response-locked synchronization of delta responses also increased after errors, with this synchronizing ability being preserved in older subjects. What differentiated the error processing in the two age groups was the synchronization of theta oscillations with error responses, with this parameter being substantially reduced in older subjects. The results demonstrate that Ne reduction with aging is the result of an overall decrease in the power of delta and theta components, primarily of a decrease in the response-locked synchronization of theta oscillations after errors.

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Differences in Trunk Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces Between Older and Younger Adults during Lifting

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193120504900206 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 177-181

Author(s):

Gwanseob Shin ◽

Mack L. Nance ◽

Gary A. Mirka

Keyword(s):

Center Of Pressure ◽

Age Groups ◽

Force Plate ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Age Related ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Trunk Kinematics ◽

Two Age Groups

Trunk kinematics, ground reaction forces, and the motion of the center of pressure (COP) of older and younger subjects were compared in lifting to study age-related differences between the two age groups. Ten older (55 ∼ 63 years old) and ten younger (19 ∼ 29 years old) adults performed lifting tasks under six different conditions; three destination heights and two asymmetry angles of origin. Subjects' trunk kinematics, ground reaction forces and COP motions were measured by the Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM) and a force plate. Older subjects showed significantly less trunk kinematics, peak ground reaction forces, and COP motions than younger subjects, indicating older subjects chose more stable lifting strategy and it might compensate for the decreased ability of postural control over age. Less ground reaction forces and motion of COP suggested that risks of falls and slips of older subjects were less than younger subjects.

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Effects of age, gender, bolus volume, and bolus viscosity on oropharyngeal pressure during swallowing

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1993.75.1.33 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

A. L. Perlman ◽

J. G. Schultz ◽

D. J. VanDaele

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Adult Males ◽

Bolus Volume ◽

Pharyngeal Pressure ◽

Bolus Viscosity ◽

Males And Females ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Young Subjects ◽

And Gender ◽

Two Age Groups

Oropharyngeal pressure during swallowing was studied in a total of 40 healthy adult males and females in two age groups (21–27 yr and 62–75 yr). Effects of bolus volume, bolus viscosity, age, and gender were analyzed, and dry and bolus swallows were compared. The duration of the intrabolus pressure, reflecting the pressure exerted by the tongue on the bolus and preceding the generation of the pharyngeal pressure, was significantly affected by bolus volume. The duration of oropharyngeal pressure was affected by age, gender, and bolus type (bolus vs. dry swallow). Peak oropharyngeal pressure was not affected by any of the test factors, although there was a tendency for older subjects to have higher pressures than young subjects.

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Ageing, working memory, and mental imagery: Understanding gestural communication in younger and older adults

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021820944696 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 29-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Burcu Arslan ◽

Tilbe Göksun

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Working Memory ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Age Groups ◽

Memory Task ◽

Imagery Task ◽

Gestural Communication ◽

Description Task ◽

Representational Gestures ◽

Two Age Groups

Ageing has effects both on language and gestural communication skills. Although gesture use is similar between younger and older adults, the use of representational gestures (e.g., drawing a line with fingers on the air to indicate a road) decreases with age. This study investigates whether this change in the production of representational gestures is related to individuals’ working memory and/or mental imagery skills. We used three gesture tasks (daily activity description, story completion, and address description) to obtain spontaneous co-speech gestures from younger and older individuals ( N = 60). Participants also completed the Corsi working memory task and a mental imagery task. Results showed that although the two age groups’ overall gesture frequencies were similar across the three tasks, the younger adults used relatively higher proportions of representational gestures than the older adults only in the address description task. Regardless of age, the mental imagery but not working memory score was associated with the use of representational gestures only in this task. However, the use of spatial words in the address description task did not differ between the two age groups. The mental imagery or working memory scores did not associate with the spatial word use. These findings suggest that mental imagery can play a role in gesture production. Gesture and speech production might have separate timelines in terms of being affected by the ageing process, particularly for spatial content.

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Effects of Age, Sex, and Disorder on Voice Range Profile Characteristics of 230 Children

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348940311200611 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 112 (6) ◽

pp. 540-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Floris L. Wuyts ◽

Louis Heylen ◽

Raoul Rooman ◽

Fons Mertens ◽

Paul H. Van de Heyning ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Vocal Performance ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Range Profile ◽

Profile Characteristics ◽

Voice Range ◽

The Voice ◽

Effect Of Age ◽

Two Age Groups

In this study, the effect of age, sex, and disorder on the vocal performance of 230 children 6 to 11 years of age was investigated by means of the voice range profile (VRP). Ninety-four control children and 136 children with disorders were studied. The VRPs were quantitatively described by frequency and intensity characteristics, as well as by morphological characteristics. Significant differences between healthy children and children with disorders were found. Age has a different effect in girls than in boys regarding vocal performance. Most of the characteristics for the healthy girls change gradually over the period from 6 to 11 years. For the healthy boys, however, Two age groups can be identified: one below and one above 8 years of age. It is hypothesized that the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate may play a role in this phenomenon.

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Effects of major depression on the cognitive function of younger and older subjects

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700036187 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 285-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

A. F. Tarbuck ◽

E. S. Paykel

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Major Depression ◽

Age Groups ◽

The Elderly ◽

Older Age ◽

Complex Tasks ◽

Impaired Performance ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Timed Tests ◽

Two Age Groups

SynopsisThe effects of age and depression on cognitive function were investigated in two groups of in-patient major depressives aged under and over 60 years who were tested when depressed and after recovery. The majority of the tests showed impaired performance during depression with improvement after recovery, and also differences between the two age-groups in both the depressed and recovered phases. However, the older subjects were not more severely affected by depression than the younger subjects. The pattern of impairment associated with depression was different to that associated with older age: depression affected performance on more ‘complex tasks’, whereas age was associated particularly with slowing on timed tests. This study did not suggest that the impairment from baseline due to depression is greater in the elderly than in younger subjects.

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The Mere Exposure Effect and Recognition Depend on the Way You Look! *S. W. and J. D. contributed equally to this study.

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000023 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 185-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sylvie Willems ◽

Jonathan Dedonder ◽

Martial Van der Linden

Keyword(s):

Differential Effect ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Mere Exposure ◽

Perceptual Processing ◽

Processing Strategy ◽

Mere Exposure Effect ◽

Exposure Effect ◽

Processing Strategies ◽

Explicit Recognition ◽

Analytic Strategy

In line with Whittlesea and Price (2001) , we investigated whether the memory effect measured with an implicit memory paradigm (mere exposure effect) and an explicit recognition task depended on perceptual processing strategies, regardless of whether the task required intentional retrieval. We found that manipulation intended to prompt functional implicit-explicit dissociation no longer had a differential effect when we induced similar perceptual strategies in both tasks. Indeed, the results showed that prompting a nonanalytic strategy ensured performance above chance on both tasks. Conversely, inducing an analytic strategy drastically decreased both explicit and implicit performance. Furthermore, we noted that the nonanalytic strategy involved less extensive gaze scanning than the analytic strategy and that memory effects under this processing strategy were largely independent of gaze movement.

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