Auditory Countermeasures to Drowsiness in Applied Settings

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 738-741
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kalsher ◽  
Jeffrey J. Fleshman ◽  
Mark Cheng-Ching Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Buffering Effect ◽  
Sound Control ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

In this study we compared the effectiveness of three different configurations of auditory stimuli (versus no sound) in restoring alertness among participants performing a computer-based vigilance task. The vigilance task used in this study has been shown to reliably produce performance decrements in as little as ten to twelve minutes. Performance on the task was used as a proxy measure for driving, as both activities produce decrements in human performance over time. One of the sound configurations (alerting sounds) was predicted to have restorative effects on measures of alertness and performance, whereas the two comparison sound configurations were hypothesized to exert detrimental effects on the same measures. As predicted, performance was enhanced following presentation of the alerting sounds. Conversely, vigilance performance continued to decline following presentation of the comparison sounds or no sound (control). Results also showed that the decrement in mood observed across all of the groups was smallest for participants exposed to the alerting sounds, suggesting a potential mood buffering effect of these sounds. The implications of these results in the reduction of driver fatigue and accidents are discussed.

The Vigilance Decrement Reflects Limitations in Effortful Attention, Not Mindlessness

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Grier ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
William N. Dember ◽  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Traci L. Galinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Workload ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Critical Signal ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Over Time

Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, and Yiend (1997) proposed that the decline in performance efficiency over time in vigilance tasks (the vigilance decrement) is characterized by “mindlessness” or a withdrawal of attentional effort from the monitoring assignment. We assessed that proposal using measures of perceived mental workload (NASA-TLX) and stress (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire). Two types of vigilance task were employed: a traditional version, wherein observers made button-press responses to signify detection of rarely occurring critical signals, and a modified version, developed by Robertson et al. to promote mindlessness via routinization, wherein button-press responses acknowledged frequently occurring neutral stimulus events and response withholding signified critical signal detection. The vigilance decrement was observed in both tasks, and both tasks generated equally elevated levels of workload and stress, the latter including cognitions relating to performance adequacy. Vigilance performance seems better characterized by effortful attention (mindfulness) than by mindlessness. Actual or potential applications of this research include procedures to reduce the information-processing demand imposed by vigilance tasks and the stress associated with such tasks.

Effects of Two Levels of Attention Demand on Vigilance Performance under Marihuana

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satanand Sharma ◽  
Herbert Moskowitz
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Attention Demand ◽  
Over Time

12 Ss under marihuana performed a modified version of the Mackworth clock-vigilance task with two levels of attention and response demands. Similar continuous declines in signal detections over time were found for both experimental conditions indicating that the vigilance decrements induced by marihuana (200 mcg./Kg. B.W.) are unrelated to arousal level.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Shift Kerja Terhadap Kelelahan dan Performansi Pengendali Kereta Api Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Lauditta Irianti
Keyword(s):  
Shift Work ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Occupational Fatigue ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

<p><em>The purpose of this study is  to evaluate the effect of shift work on level of fatigue and  performance of railway controller. Seventeen participants are the railway controller of Bandung Station. Fatigue was measured using subjective questionaire Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) and performance was measured using Psychomotor Vigilance Task based on reaction time.  Friedman test and Bonferonni-Dunn test were used to process data. Statistical analysis indicates there was significant difference level of fatigue and human performance between shift work. Fatigue occurs at sleepiness, phsysical discomfort and lack of motivation dimensions, while performance occurs at mean 1/RT, fastest 1/RT and slowest 1/RT (P &lt; 0,10). %. The highest fatigue and the worst performance occurs after night shift. After night shift, the level of fatigue increased about 37% to 162%, meanwhile performance were decreased about 3% to 11%. Although there were significant difference of level fatigue, the average scores are below 1 (score 0-7). This result indicates that the fatigue of controllers  are very low.  Although maybe is not really necessary to redesign shift work system, but working hours on each shift still need to be concerned. </em></p>

Effects of Visual and Auditory Knowledge of Results and Reward on Vigilance Performance

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-836
Author(s):  
Marvin E. Grunzke ◽  
Roger E. Kirk ◽  
Steven C. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Visual Knowledge ◽  
And Performance

The effects of several procedures for providing knowledge of results (KR) and monetary reward on performance of a visual vigilance task were investigated. 72 Ss monitored a simulated CRT for 3 hr. The independent variables were visual KR versus no visual KR, auditory KR versus no auditory KR, and performance-contingent monetary reward versus noncontingent monetary reward. Probability of detection was significantly higher for the knowledge of results conditions and for performance-contingent reward than for the respective control conditions. The most effective treatment combination was visual knowledge of results combined with performance-contingent reward.

Does Depleting Self-Control Result in Poorer Vigilance Performance?

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-425
Author(s):  
Kelly Satterfield ◽  
Amanda E. Harwood ◽  
William S. Helton ◽  
Tyler H. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Typing Task

Objective: To investigate whether depleting self-control prior to vigilance results in a steeper vigilance decrement. Background: The resource-control theory of vigilance asserts that an inherent bias toward self-generated mind-wandering draws attentional resources away from the primary task. This study seeks to test whether depleting self-control, the potential mechanism of self-generated mind-wandering, results in poorer vigilance performance. Method: This study featured a between-subjects design where participants either completed a typing task that depleted self-control resources or a standard typing task that did not require self-control before performing a vigilance task. In the self-control depletion condition, participants typed a passage while omitting any “e” and “space” keys. In the standard typing task, participants typed the same passage without skipping any keys. Following both typing tasks, participants in both conditions completed an identical 12-min vigilance task. Results: Results demonstrated decreased accuracy and increased reaction times over time for both groups. Depleting self-control did not result in significant differences in accuracy, reaction time, nor a steeper vigilance decrement. Conclusion: These results provide evidence against resource-control theory and self-control as an explanation for vigilance, and provide further support for cognitive resource theory as the predominant explanation for vigilance impairments. Application: It is still unclear exactly what constitutes a “resource.” A better understanding of the nature of these resources can help researchers and practitioners identify how they can be replenished, which could enhance human performance in situations requiring vigilance such as baggage screening.

Stimulus Mapping and Memory Load Effects on the Vigulance Decrement across Multiple Sessions

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 859-862
Author(s):  
Michael D. Musgrove ◽  
J. G. Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Memory Load ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Dual Processing ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Controlled Processing ◽  
Demand Theory ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

Performance often degrades over time in a vigilance task where an operator must identify critical signals. An extensive effort has been made to determine the mechanism underlying this vigilance decrement. Sustained demand theory proposes that high attentional demand sustained over the course of the vigil extracts a toll in fatigue, leading to the decrement. However, since an observer typically searches for one consistent target in a vigilance situation, results from dual-processing studies would suggest that automatic processing (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977) should develop over time, and performance should improve rather than degrade. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of automatic and controlled processing within and across vigilance sessions. High memory loads led to an attenuation of the vigilance decrement, a result inconsistent with sustained demand theory. Low memory loads produced results more consistent with a sustained demand interpretation. Implications of these findings for a theoretical account of the vigilance decrement are discussed.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Knitted Electrodes When Subjected to Multi-Axial Compression and Abrasion

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Arash M. Shahidi ◽  
Theodore Hughes-Riley ◽  
Carlos Oliveira ◽  
Tilak Dias
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Electronic Textiles ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

Knitted electrodes are a key component to many electronic textiles including sensing devices, such as pressure sensors and heart rate monitors; therefore, it is essential to assess the electrical performance of these knitted electrodes under different mechanical loads to understand their performance during use. The electrical properties of the electrodes could change while deforming, due to an applied load, which could occur in the uniaxial direction (while stretched) or multiaxial direction (while compressed). The properties and performance of the electrodes could also change over time when rubbed against another surface due to the frictional force and generated heat. This work investigates the behavior of a knitted electrode under different loading conditions and after multiple abrasion cycles.

Examining Methods for Combining Speed and Accuracy in a Go/No-Go Vigilance Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1202-1206
Author(s):  
Shane T. Mueller ◽  
Lamia Alam ◽  
Gregory J. Funke ◽  
Anne Linja ◽  
Tauseef Ibne Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Linear Ballistic Accumulator ◽  
Linear Ballistic Accumulator Model ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Measures Of Performance

In many human performance tasks, researchers assess performance by measuring both accuracy and response time. A number of theoretical and practical approaches have been proposed to obtain a single performance value that combines these measures, with varying degrees of success. In this report, we examine data from a common paradigm used in applied human factors assessment: a go/no-go vigilance task (Smith et al., 2019). We examined whether 12 different measures of performance were sensitive to the vigilance decrement induced by the design, and also examined how the different measures were correlated. Results suggest that most combined measures were slight improvements over accuracy or response time alone, with the most sensitive and representative result coming from the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model. Practical lessons for applying these measures are discussed.

Recovery from memory failure when recalling a memorized performance: The role of musical structure and performance cues

2021 ◽  
pp. 102986492110254
Author(s):  
Roger Chaffin ◽  
Jane Ginsborg ◽  
James Dixon ◽  
Alexander P. Demos
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Music ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Memory Failure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Written Recall ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
Over Time

To perform reliably and confidently from memory, musicians must able to recover from mistakes and memory failures. We describe how an experienced singer (the second author) recovered from mistakes and gaps in recall as she periodically recalled the score of a piece of vocal music that she had memorized for public performance, writing out the music six times over a five-year period following the performance. Five years after the performance, the singer was still able to recall two-thirds of the piece. When she made mistakes, she recovered and went on, leaving gaps in her written recall that lengthened over time. We determined where in the piece gaps started ( losses) and ended ( gains), and compared them with the locations of structural beats (starts of sections and phrases) and performance cues ( PCs) that the singer reported using as mental landmarks to keep track of her progress through the piece during the sung, public performance. Gains occurred on structural beats where there was a PC; losses occurred on structural beats without a PC. As the singer’s memory faded over time, she increasingly forgot phrases that did not start with a PC and recovered at the starts of phrases that did. Our study shows how PCs enable musicians to recover from memory failures.

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