Effects of Visual and Auditory Knowledge of Results and Reward on Vigilance Performance

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-836
Author(s):  
Marvin E. Grunzke ◽  
Roger E. Kirk ◽  
Steven C. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Visual Knowledge ◽  
And Performance

The effects of several procedures for providing knowledge of results (KR) and monetary reward on performance of a visual vigilance task were investigated. 72 Ss monitored a simulated CRT for 3 hr. The independent variables were visual KR versus no visual KR, auditory KR versus no auditory KR, and performance-contingent monetary reward versus noncontingent monetary reward. Probability of detection was significantly higher for the knowledge of results conditions and for performance-contingent reward than for the respective control conditions. The most effective treatment combination was visual knowledge of results combined with performance-contingent reward.

The Effect of Knowledge of Results on Learning and Performance IV. The Direction of the Error in Very Simple Skills

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Dees ◽  
G. C. Grindley
Keyword(s):  
Short Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Visual Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Learning And Performance

Re-examination of the data discussed in previous papers of this series shows a greater tendency toward “overshooting” when the time interval between trials, in some of the experiments, is short than when it is longer. The subject tends to make a bigger movement or exert more pressure with short intervals. This seems to be true with or without visual knowledge of results. On the other hand, with the experiments in which the task was to press a key for a given short interval, the effect was not conclusively shown. A hypothesis is put forward to explain these results in terms of proprioceptive adaptation.

scholarly journals Exploring Sex Differences in Vigilance Performance with Knowledge of Results

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1321-1325
Author(s):  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Michaela R. Hagerty-Koller ◽  
Lindsey R. Lane ◽  
Allison E. Garibaldi ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Sex Influence

Vigilance, also referred to as sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for extended periods of time while monitoring for, oftentimes, critical signals. In attempt to aid performance decrements in vigilance tasks, previous research has examined the effects of knowledge of results (KR). In essence, KR provides feedback on performance, and is argued to enhance the understanding of task structure and motivation to complete the task successfully. However, relatively little is known about how individual differences, such as observer sex, influence KR effects in vigilance. In the present study, 73 observers completed a 25-minute vigilance task in which they were required to monitor flight paths. Observers were randomly assigned to either a KR condition, in which feedback was given for correct detections, false alarms, and misses, or a control condition, where no feedback was provided. The results indicated that small sex differences were found for correct detections and false alarms, as a function of KR.

Effects of Aircraft Noise on Vigilance Performance and Perceived Workload

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1513-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami B. Becker ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
William N. Dember ◽  
JoAnn Sparnall ◽  
Laura DeRonde
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
Signal Detectability ◽  
The Right

This study examined the effects of exposure to intermittent jet aircraft noise played through stereophonic speakers (70dBA or 95dBA maximum intensity) on performance efficiency and perceived workload in a 40-min visual vigilance task. The noise featured a Doppler-like quality in which planes seemed to approach from the monitor's left and recede to the right. Performance in noise, measured in terms of perceptual sensitivity (d***'), was significantly poorer than in a quiet condition. Moreover, in comparison to subjects performing in quiet, those who operated in noise were less able to profit from knowledge of results (KR) regarding performance efficiency. In addition to its negative effects upon signal detectability, noise significantly elevated perceived workload, as indexed by the NASA-TLX. This effect was robust; it was not mitigated by KR, even though KR served generally to reduce the overall level of perceived workload in the study. The consistency of the effects of noise in regard to both performance efficiency and perceived workload challenges a recent conclusion offered by Koelega and Brinkman (1986) that lawful relations are not observable in studies of the effects of noise on vigilant behavior.

Maintenance of Vigilance by Non-Task-Related Stimulation in the Monitoring Environment

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban L. Olmedo ◽  
Roger E. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Intensity Noise ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Independent Variables

The effects of non-task-related stimulation on the performance of a simple visual vigilance task were investigated. 40 subjects monitored a simulated CRT display for two 90-min. sessions. The independent variables were variable vs constant intensity lighting and variable vs constant intensity noise. Probability of detection was not significantly different for the noise conditions; however, probability of detection was significantly higher under variable than under constant intensity lighting.

Auditory Countermeasures to Drowsiness in Applied Settings

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 738-741
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kalsher ◽  
Jeffrey J. Fleshman ◽  
Mark Cheng-Ching Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Buffering Effect ◽  
Sound Control ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

In this study we compared the effectiveness of three different configurations of auditory stimuli (versus no sound) in restoring alertness among participants performing a computer-based vigilance task. The vigilance task used in this study has been shown to reliably produce performance decrements in as little as ten to twelve minutes. Performance on the task was used as a proxy measure for driving, as both activities produce decrements in human performance over time. One of the sound configurations (alerting sounds) was predicted to have restorative effects on measures of alertness and performance, whereas the two comparison sound configurations were hypothesized to exert detrimental effects on the same measures. As predicted, performance was enhanced following presentation of the alerting sounds. Conversely, vigilance performance continued to decline following presentation of the comparison sounds or no sound (control). Results also showed that the decrement in mood observed across all of the groups was smallest for participants exposed to the alerting sounds, suggesting a potential mood buffering effect of these sounds. The implications of these results in the reduction of driver fatigue and accidents are discussed.

Effects of Environmental Variation on Arousal during Vigilance Performance

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1251-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban L. Olmedo ◽  
Roger E. Kirk ◽  
E. Martin Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Arousal Theory ◽  
General Activation

The present experiment investigated the effects of environmental variation on the arousal level of Ss performing a simple visual vigilance task. Two independent variables, constant vs variable-intensity lighting and constant vs variable-intensity white noise, provided four experimental conditions. Forty Ss monitored a simulated CRT display during two 90-min. sessions. Arousal was measured at the beginning and at the end of each session by means of a self-report check list. The results indicated that: (1) with variable noise, there was a greater decrease in General Activation and a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable- than under constant-intensity lighting; (2) with variable lighting, there was a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable than under constant intensity of noise; and (3) correlations among arousal and probability of detection in the vigilance task were in general low and insignificant. No support was found for the prediction from arousal theory that environmental variation enhances vigilance performance by maintaining a general state of arousal.

Effects of training with knowledge of results on diagnosticity in vigilance performance

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
Victor Finomore ◽  
Tyler H. Shaw ◽  
Matthew E. Funke ◽  
Michelle J. Hausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results

Exploring the Effects of Extraversion on Social Facilitation and Vigilance Task Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1216-1220
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Claypoole ◽  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Alexis R. Neigel ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
And Task

Vigilance, or sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for extended periods of time. Recently, research on vigilance has focused on identifying individual differences and task design factors that may improve cognitive-based vigilance performance. One such factor is social facilitation, which leads to improved task performance when at least one individual is present. But, relatively little is known about the personality factors, such as extraversion or introversion, which may influence the effects of social presence, and in turn affect vigilance performance. Given this gap in the literature, the present research seeks to determine how personality, specifically extraversion, is related to vigilance performance in the presence of another individual. A total of 39 observers completed a 24-minute vigilance task either alone, in the mere presence of another person, or in the evaluative presence of another person (i.e., an individual monitoring their performance). The results indicated that extraversion was negatively correlated to the proportion of correct detections and sensitivity ( A’).

Predicting Cognitive Vigilance Performance from Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Task Engagement

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (14) ◽  
pp. 850-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Reinerman ◽  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
Lisa K. Langheim
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Screening Battery

Responses to a brief six-min screening battery involving high-workload tracking, verbal working memory, and line discrimination tasks were used to predict subsequent performance on a 36-min cognitive vigilance task. Two predictors of interest were subjective state, as indexed by the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ), and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. The results testify to the importance of assessing task-induced responses for predicting cognitive vigilance performance. They also indicate that forecasting vigilance performance is a complex endeavor requiring a set of multidimensional predictors. Specifically, higher post-battery task engagement scores on the DSSQ in this study and higher levels of CBFV during performance of the screening battery predicted more correct detections on the subsequent vigilance task. These findings are interpreted in the light of the resource-workload model of vigilance, and their practical significance is discussed.

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