What Does A Robot Look Like?: A Multi-Site Examination of User Expectations About Robot Appearance

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1215-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Phillips ◽  
Daniel Ullman ◽  
Maartje M. A. de Graaf ◽  
Bertram F. Malle
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Common Features ◽  
User Expectations ◽  
Robot Appearance

Robot design is a critical component of human-robot interaction. A robot’s appearance shapes people’s expectations of that robot, which in turn affect human-robot interaction. This paper reports on an exploratory analysis of 155 drawings of robots that were collected across three studies. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of people’s a priori expectations about the appearance of robots across a variety of robot types (household, military, humanoid, generic, and AI). The findings suggest that people’s visualizations of robots have common features that can be grouped into five broad components. People seem to distinguish between human-like and machine-like robots, with a default visualization of robots having a human-like appearance. In addition, expectations about robot appearance may be dependent on application domain.

How People Talk with Robots: Designing Dialog to Reduce User Uncertainty

AI Magazine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
User Expectations ◽  
Robot Appearance ◽  
The Impact

If human-robot interaction is mainly shaped by users’ strategies to deal with their unfamiliar artificial com¬munication partner, as it is suggested here, robot dialog design should orient at reducing users’ uncertainty about the affordances of the robot and the joint task. Two experiments are presented that investigate the impact of verbal robot utterances on users’ behavior; results show that users react sensitively to subtle linguistic cues that may guide them into appropriate understandings of the robot. Furthermore, the role of user expectations and robot appearance are discussed in the light of the model presented.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Humanoid Robot Design Based on Global Eye-Tracking Metrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Li ◽  
Danni Chang ◽  
Yisi Liu ◽  
Jian Cui ◽  
Shanshan Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Appearance Design ◽  
Robot Appearance

The first impression of robot appearance normally affects the interaction with physical robots. Hence, it is critically important to evaluate the humanoid robot appearance design. This study towards evaluating humanoid robot design based on global eye-tracking metrics. Two methods are selected to extract global eye-tracking metrics, including bin-analysis-based entropy and approximate entropy. The data are collected from an eye-tracking experiment, where 20 participants evaluate 12 humanoid robot appearance designs with their eye movements recorded. The humanoid robots are evaluated from five aspects, namely smartness, friendliness, pleasure, arousal, and dominance. The results show that the entropy of fixation duration and velocity, approximate entropy of saccades amplitude are positively associated with the subjective feelings induced by robot appearance. These findings can aid in better understanding the first impression of human-robot interaction and enable the eye-tracking-based evaluation of humanoid robot design. By combining the theory of design and bio-signals analysis, the study contributes to the field of Transdisciplinary Engineering.

scholarly journals The Aesthetics of Encounter: A Relational-Performative Design Approach to Human-Robot Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Gemeinboeck
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Social Agency ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Critical Practice ◽  
Embodied Meaning

This article lays out the framework for relational-performative aesthetics in human-robot interaction, comprising a theoretical lens and design approach for critical practice-based inquiries into embodied meaning-making in human-robot interaction. I explore the centrality of aesthetics as a practice of embodied meaning-making by drawing on my arts-led, performance-based approach to human-robot encounters, as well as other artistic practices. Understanding social agency and meaning as being enacted through the situated dynamics of the interaction, I bring into focus a process ofbodying-thinging;entangling and transforming subjects and objects in the encounter and rendering elastic boundaries in-between. Rather than serving to make the strange look more familiar, aesthetics here is about rendering the differences between humans and robots more relational. My notion of a relational-performative design approach—designing with bodying-thinging—proposes that we engage with human-robot encounters from the earliest stages of the robot design. This is where we begin to manifest boundaries that shape meaning-making and the potential for emergence, transformation, and connections arising from intra-bodily resonances (bodying-thinging). I argue that this relational-performative approach opens up new possibilities for how we design robots and how they socially participate in the encounter.

scholarly journals Benchmarks for evaluating socially assistive robotics

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Feil-Seifer ◽  
Kristine Skinner ◽  
Maja J. Matarić
Keyword(s):  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Socially Assistive Robotics ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Many

Socially assistive robotics (SAR) is a growing area of research. Evaluating SAR systems presents novel challenges. Using a robot for a socially assistive task can have various benefits and ethical implications. Many questions are important to understanding whether a robot is effective for a given application domain. This paper describes several benchmarks for evaluating SAR systems. There exist numerous methods for evaluating the many factors involved in a robot’s design. Benchmarks from psychology, anthropology, medicine, and human–robot interaction are proposed as measures of success in evaluating a given SAR system and its impact on the user and broader population.

Specifying Influences that Mediate Trust in Human-Robot Interaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1755-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.G. Volante ◽  
T. Sanders ◽  
D. Dodge ◽  
V.A. Yerdon ◽  
P.A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Appearance ◽  
Experimental Trials

In this work we investigate the effects of robot appearance and reliability on a user’s trust levels through an experiment where participants reacted to three different robot forms that either behaved reliably or unreliably during a series of experimental trials. A final trial was implemented to evaluate use choice by allowing participants to choose their preferred robot and complete an additional trial with that robot. Results from this pilot experimentation indicated differences based on the reliability of the robot, as well as whether the participant chose to interact with the robot.

scholarly journals A Pattern Approach to Comprehensible and Pleasant Human–Robot Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Kathrin Pollmann ◽  
Daniel Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Social Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Pattern Language ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Pattern Approach

HRI designers are faced with the task of creating robots that are easy and pleasant to use for the users. The growing body of research in human–robot interaction (HRI) is still mainly focused on technical aspects of the interaction. It lacks defined guidelines that describe how behavioral expressions for social robots need to be designed to promote high usability and positive user experience. To achieve this goal, we propose to apply the concept of design patterns to HRI. We present a design process that provides step-by-step guidance and methods for HRI designers to generate high quality behavioral patterns for social robots that can be used for different robots and use cases. To document the resulting patterns, we developed a documentation format that provides a clear, standardized structure to note down all relevant aspects of a pattern so that others can understand its design recommendations and apply them to their own robot and use cases. In the present paper, we demonstrate our pattern approach based on an example and describe how we arrived at a pattern language of 40 behavioral patterns that found the basis for future social robot design and related research activities.

Subjective Evaluation of Seal Robot: Paro -Tabulation and Analysis of Questionnaire Results

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanori Shibata ◽  
◽  
Teruaki Mitsui Kazuyoshi Wada ◽  
Kazuo Tanie ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Industrial Manufacturing ◽  
Accuracy Speed

Recent advances in robotics have been applied to automation in industrial manufacturing, with the primary purpose of optimizing practical systems in terms of such objective measures as accuracy, speed, and cost. This paper describes research on mental commit robot that seeks a different direction that is not so rigidly dependent on such objective measures. The main goal of this research is to explore a new area in robotics, with an emphasis on human-robot interaction. In the previous research, we categorized robots into four categories in terms of appearance. Then, we introduced a cat robot and a seal robot, and evaluated them by interviewing many people. The results showed that physical interaction improved subjective evaluation. Moreover, a priori knowledge of a subject has much influence into subjective interpretation and evaluation of mental commit robot. In this paper, 785 subjects evaluated the seal robot, Paro by questionnaires in an exhibition. This paper reports the results of statistical analysis of evaluation data.

Let’s Work Together: A Meta-Analysis on Robot Design Features That Enable Successful Human–Robot Interaction at Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082096643
Author(s):  
Sonja K. Ötting ◽  
Lisa Masjutin ◽  
Jochen J. Steil ◽  
Günter W. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Specific Effects

Objective This meta-analysis reviews robot design features of interface, controller, and appearance and statistically summarizes their effect on successful human–robot interaction (HRI) at work (that is, task performance, cooperation, satisfaction, acceptance, trust, mental workload, and situation awareness). Background Robots are becoming an integral part of many workplaces. As interactions with employees increase, ensuring success becomes ever more vital. Even though many studies investigated robot design features, an overview on general and specific effects is missing. Method Systematic selection of literature and structured coding led to 81 included experimental studies containing 380 effect sizes. Mean effects were calculated using a three-level meta-analysis to handle dependencies of multiple effect sizes in one study. Results Sufficient feedback through the interface, clear visibility of affordances, and adaptability and autonomy of the controller significantly affect successful HRI, whereas appearance does not. The features of the interface and controller affect performance and satisfaction but do not affect situation awareness and trust. Specific effects of adaptability on cooperation and acceptance, as well as autonomy on mental workload, could be shown. Conclusion Robot design at work needs to cover multiple features of interface and controller to achieve successful HRI that covers not only performance and satisfaction, but also cooperation, acceptance, and mental workload. More empirical research is needed to investigate mediating mechanisms and underrepresented design features’ effects. Application Robot designers should carefully choose design features to balance specific effects and implementation costs with regard to tasks, work design aims, and employee needs in the specific work context.

Social Conformity Effects on Trust in Simulation-Based Human-Robot Interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Volante ◽  
Janine Sosna ◽  
Theresa Kessler ◽  
Tracy Sanders ◽  
P. A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Trust Level ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Social Opinions ◽  
Robot Communication

Objective: We investigated the co-acting influences of communication and social conformity on trust in human-robot interaction. Background: Previous work has investigated aspects of the robot, the human, and the environment as influential factors in the human-robot relationship. Little work has examined the conjoint effects of social conformity and communication on this relationship. As social conformity and communication have been shown to affect human-human trust, there are a priori reasons to believe that they will play an influential role in human-robot trust also. Method: The experiment examined the influences of social conformity and robot communication on trust. A 2 × 2 (communication × social group) design was implemented with each variable having two levels (communication, no communication; positive social group, negative social group). Results: We created a communication manipulation which we then demonstrated to mediate the trust level between human and robot. However, this influence on trust was overcome by social information in which the subsequent trust level, attributed to the robot, was dominated by expressed social group attitudes to that robot. Conclusion: The results confirm the importance of human social assessments over direct robot communication in setting human-robot trust levels. When social opinions are expressed, observers appear to conform to the trust displayed by the group than relying on their own judgment. Application: In human-robot teams, the perceptions of the group may exert a greater impact than even robot communication. This may be especially important when new human members are introduced into such teams.

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