scholarly journals Benchmarks for evaluating socially assistive robotics

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Feil-Seifer ◽  
Kristine Skinner ◽  
Maja J. Matarić
Keyword(s):  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Socially Assistive Robotics ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Many

Socially assistive robotics (SAR) is a growing area of research. Evaluating SAR systems presents novel challenges. Using a robot for a socially assistive task can have various benefits and ethical implications. Many questions are important to understanding whether a robot is effective for a given application domain. This paper describes several benchmarks for evaluating SAR systems. There exist numerous methods for evaluating the many factors involved in a robot’s design. Benchmarks from psychology, anthropology, medicine, and human–robot interaction are proposed as measures of success in evaluating a given SAR system and its impact on the user and broader population.

Escaping Oz: Autonomy in Socially Assistive Robotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Clabaugh ◽  
Maja Matarić
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Wizard Of Oz ◽  
Socially Assistive Robotics ◽  
Special Needs Education ◽  
Engineering Practices ◽  
And Robotics

The field of socially assistive robotics (SAR) aims to supplement the efforts of clinicians, therapists, educators, and caregivers through individualized, socially mediated interventions with robots. SAR is faced with the interdisciplinary challenge to balance sensitive domain needs with current technical limitations. Many researchers in SAR and the broader human–robot interaction community overcome technical barriers by using a Wizard of Oz approach, or teleoperation of the robot or aspects of the interaction. Although Wizard of Oz is a well-established practice, it becomes intractable in critical SAR domains that require long-term, situated support, such as aging in place and special needs education. In this article, we define a set of autonomy-centric design properties for SAR interventions based on concepts from artificial intelligence and robotics. These properties structure a systematic review of the last decade of autonomous SAR research. From the review, we draw and discuss common computational methods, engineering practices, and design patterns that enable autonomy in SAR.

Robotics for Assisting Children with Physical and Cognitive Disabilities

2015 ◽  
pp. 78-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tee Kit Tsun ◽  
Lau Bee Theng ◽  
Hudyjaya Siswoyo Jo ◽  
Patrick Then Hang Hui
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Passive Stretching ◽  
Locomotion Training

This chapter summarizes the findings of a study on robotics research and application for assisting children with disabilities between the years 2009 and 2013. The said disabilities include impairment of motor skills, locomotion, and social interaction that is commonly attributed to children suffering from Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Cerebral Palsy (CP). As opposed to assistive technologies for disabilities that largely account for restoration of physical capabilities, disabled children also require dedicated rehabilitation for social interaction and mental health. As such, the breadth of this study covers existing efforts in rehabilitation of both physical and socio-psychological domains, which involve Human-Robot Interaction. Overviewed topics include assisted locomotion training, passive stretching and active movement rehabilitation, upper-extremity motor function, social interactivity, therapist-mediators, active play encouragement, as well as several life-long assistive robotics in current use. This chapter concludes by drawing attention to ethical and adoption issues that may obstruct the field's effectiveness.

scholarly journals Multiscale Entropy Quantifies the Differential Effect of the Medium Embodiment on Older Adults Prefrontal Cortex during the Story Comprehension: A Comparative Analysis

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Keshmiri ◽  
Hidenobu Sumioka ◽  
Ryuji Yamazaki ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Multiscale Entropy ◽  
Story Comprehension ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Age Related

Todays’ communication media virtually impact and transform every aspect of our daily communication and yet the extent of their embodiment on our brain is unexplored. The study of this topic becomes more crucial, considering the rapid advances in such fields as socially assistive robotics that envision the use of intelligent and interactive media for providing assistance through social means. In this article, we utilize the multiscale entropy (MSE) to investigate the effect of the physical embodiment on the older people’s prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity while listening to stories. We provide evidence that physical embodiment induces a significant increase in MSE of the older people’s PFC activity and that such a shift in the dynamics of their PFC activation significantly reflects their perceived feeling of fatigue. Our results benefit researchers in age-related cognitive function and rehabilitation who seek for the adaptation of these media in robot-assistive cognitive training of the older people. In addition, they offer a complementary information to the field of human-robot interaction via providing evidence that the use of MSE can enable the interactive learning algorithms to utilize the brain’s activation patterns as feedbacks for improving their level of interactivity, thereby forming a stepping stone for rich and usable human mental model.

scholarly journals Socially Assistive Robotics for Guiding Motor Task Practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Wade ◽  
Avinash Parnandi ◽  
Ross Mead ◽  
Maja Matarić
Keyword(s):  
User Behavior ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
User Preference ◽  
Socially Assistive Robotics ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Coaching Styles ◽  
Task Practice

AbstractDue to their quantitative nature, robotic systems are useful tools for systematically augmenting human behavior and performance in dynamic environments, such as therapeutic rehabilitation settings. The efficacy of human-robot interaction (HRI) in these settings will depend on the robot’s coaching style. Our goal was to investigate the influence of robot coaching styles designed to enhance motivation and encouragement on post-stroke individuals during motor task practice. We hypothesized that coaching styles incorporating user performance and preference would be preferred in a therapeutic HRI setting. We designed an evaluation study with seven individuals post stroke. A socially assistive robotics (SAR) system using three different coaching styles guided participants during performance of an upper extremity practice task. User preference was not significantly affected by the different robot coaching styles in our participant sample (H(2) = 2.638, p = 0.267). However, trends indicated differences in preference for the coaching styles. Our results provide insights into the design and use of SAR systems in therapeutic interactions aiming to influence user behavior.

Multimodal Feedback in Human-Robot Interaction

2016 ◽  
pp. 135-161
Author(s):  
Maria Vanessa aus der Wieschen ◽  
Kerstin Fischer ◽  
Kamil Kukliński ◽  
Lars Christian Jensen ◽  
Thiusius Rajeeth Savarimuthu
Keyword(s):  
Design Theory ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Error Feedback ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Multimodal Feedback ◽  
Feedback Modalities ◽  
The Many

A major area of interest within the fields of human-computer interaction (HCI) and human-robot interaction (HRI) is user feedback. Previous work in HCI has investigated the effects of error feedback on task efficiency and error rates, yet, these studies have been mostly restricted to comparisons of inherently different feedback modalities, for example auditory and visual, and as such fail to acknowledge the many possible variations within each of these modalities, some of which being more effective than others. This chapter applies a user-centered approach to investigating feedback modalities for robot teleoperation by naïve users. It identifies the reasons why novice users need feedback when demonstrating novel behaviors to a teleoperated industrial robot and evaluates both various feedback modalities designed to prevent errors and, drawing on document design theory, studies different kinds of visual presentation regarding their effectiveness in the creation of legible error feedback screens.

The Race Between Cognitive and Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Anshu Saxena Arora ◽  
Amit Arora
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Intelligence ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Human Ability

Research on human-robot interaction (HRI) is growing; however, focus on the congruent socio-behavioral HRI research fields of social cognition, socio-behavioral intentions, and code of ethics is lacking. Humans possess an inherent ability of integrating perception, cognition, and action; while robots may have limitations as they may not recognize an object or a being, navigate a terrain, and/or comprehend written or verbal language and instructions. This HRI research focuses on issues and challenges for both humans and robots from social, behavioral, technical, and ethical perspectives. The human ability to anthropomorphize robots and adoption of ‘intentional mindset' toward robots through xenocentrism have added new dimensions to HRI. Robotic anthropomorphism plays a significant role in how humans can be successful companions of robots. This research explores social cognitive intelligence versus artificial intelligence with a focus on privacy protections and ethical implications of HRI while designing robots that are ethical, cognitively and artificially intelligent, and social human-like agents.

What Does A Robot Look Like?: A Multi-Site Examination of User Expectations About Robot Appearance

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1215-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Phillips ◽  
Daniel Ullman ◽  
Maartje M. A. de Graaf ◽  
Bertram F. Malle
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Common Features ◽  
User Expectations ◽  
Robot Appearance

Robot design is a critical component of human-robot interaction. A robot’s appearance shapes people’s expectations of that robot, which in turn affect human-robot interaction. This paper reports on an exploratory analysis of 155 drawings of robots that were collected across three studies. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of people’s a priori expectations about the appearance of robots across a variety of robot types (household, military, humanoid, generic, and AI). The findings suggest that people’s visualizations of robots have common features that can be grouped into five broad components. People seem to distinguish between human-like and machine-like robots, with a default visualization of robots having a human-like appearance. In addition, expectations about robot appearance may be dependent on application domain.

scholarly journals Designing Acceptable Robots for Assisting Older Adults: A Pilot Study on the Willingness to Interact

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10686
Author(s):  
Roberta Bevilacqua ◽  
Elisa Felici ◽  
Filippo Cavallo ◽  
Giulio Amabili ◽  
Elvira Maranesi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Service Robot ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviors ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Method Approach

The aim of this paper was to explore the psychosocial determinants that lead to acceptability and willingness to interact with a service robot, starting with an analysis of older users’ behaviors toward the Robot-Era platform, in order to provide strategies for the promotion of social assistive robotics. A mixed-method approach was used to collect information on acceptability, usability, and human–robot interaction, by analyzing nonverbal behaviors, emotional expressions, and verbal communication. The study involved 35 older adults. Twenty-two were women and thirteen were men, aged 73.8 (±6) years old. Video interaction analysis was conducted to capture the users’ gestures, statements, and expressions. A coded scheme was designed on the basis of the literature in the field. Percentages of time and frequency of the selected events are reported. The statements of the users were collected and analyzed. The results of the behavioral analysis reveal a largely positive attitude, inferred from nonverbal clues and nonverbal emotional expressions. The results highlight the need to provide robotic solutions that respect the tasks they offer to the users It is necessary to give older consumers dedicated training in technological literacy to guarantee proper, long-lasting, and successful use.

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