Sex Differences in Lexical Vigilance Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 731-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis R. Neigel ◽  
Daryn A. Dever ◽  
Victoria L. Claypoole ◽  
Nicholas W. Fraulini ◽  
Gabriella M. Hancock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Standard Task

Lexical vigilance is the ability to sustain attention to lexical, semantic, and language-related stimuli, such as words or symbols, for extended periods of time. One gap in the empirical investigation of lexical vigilance is the assessment of sex differences in the performance of these tasks. In the present study, a sample of 213 observers completed a 12-minute lexical vigilance task. Observers were randomly assigned to either a standard task, which required individuals to respond to critical signals and withhold response to neutral events, or a lure task, which required individuals to respond to critical signals while withholding response to neutral events and lures (i.e., stimuli that are categorically similar in nature to critical signals). The results indicated that women and men perform the lure and standard tasks differently depending upon the condition to which they are assigned. Specifically, an inverse relationship was observed between the sexes and conditions in signal detection indices of sensitivity and response bias. We discuss the implications of these results below.

scholarly journals Exploring Sex Differences in Vigilance Performance with Knowledge of Results

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1321-1325
Author(s):  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Michaela R. Hagerty-Koller ◽  
Lindsey R. Lane ◽  
Allison E. Garibaldi ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Sex Influence

Vigilance, also referred to as sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for extended periods of time while monitoring for, oftentimes, critical signals. In attempt to aid performance decrements in vigilance tasks, previous research has examined the effects of knowledge of results (KR). In essence, KR provides feedback on performance, and is argued to enhance the understanding of task structure and motivation to complete the task successfully. However, relatively little is known about how individual differences, such as observer sex, influence KR effects in vigilance. In the present study, 73 observers completed a 25-minute vigilance task in which they were required to monitor flight paths. Observers were randomly assigned to either a KR condition, in which feedback was given for correct detections, false alarms, and misses, or a control condition, where no feedback was provided. The results indicated that small sex differences were found for correct detections and false alarms, as a function of KR.

Task-Specific Sex Differences in Vigilance Performance: Subjective Workload and Boredom

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1195-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Prinzel ◽  
Frederick G. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Nasa Task Load Index

Participants (24 men, 24 women) were asked to perform either a spatial or temporal vigilance task. Task-related Boredom and NASA-Task Load Index scores were collected. The results replicate Dittmar, Warm, Dember, and Ricks' 1993 finding of task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance and subjective workload. The present study also showed task-specific sex differences for boredom ratings. These results suggest that two explanations may account for the sex differences. More accurate perceptual discriminations may account for some of the differences in performance; however, sex differences in perceived boredom may more likely be responsible for the task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance and subjective workload.

Detection-Action Linkage in Vigilance: Effects on Workload and Stress

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (19) ◽  
pp. 1291-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelley S. Parsons ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
W. Todd Nelson ◽  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Michael A. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
And Task

Using a simulated UAV control task in which a vigilance display warned observers of the presence of enemy threats, Gunn et al. (2005) reported that perceived mental workload in relation to the vigilance task was unexpectedly low. The present study did not confirm that finding. It did show, however, that vigilance performance was greater and task induced stress was less among observers who had the opportunity to act upon vigilance signal detections by destroying the enemy threats than among those who detected threats but had no opportunity to counter them. Accordingly, the results point to the importance of a detection-action linkage to enhance signal detection and reduce stress in the performance of vigilance tasks.

Vigilance and Signal Detection Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of Five Measures of Response Bias

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judi E. See ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
William N. Dember ◽  
Steven R. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Parametric Model ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Nonparametric Model ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Bias Index

Three experiments were conducted to determine which of five response bias indices (β, c, B", B'H and B"D) defined by the theory of signal detection provides the most effective measure of the observer's willingness to respond in a vigilance task. The results indicated that the traditional parametric bias index β was an inadequate measure of response bias in every respect, whereas the newer parametric measure c was the most effective of all five indices. When the three nonparametric measures (B", B'H' and B"D) were examined separately, B"D emerged as the most effective nonparametric index. We recommend that vigilance researchers use c rather than β to measure bias when a parametric model is involved and B"D instead of B" and B' H when a nonparametric model is used.

Associations between collectivism and perception of social threat: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Individual

Collectivistic orientation, which entails interdependent self-construal and concern for interpersonal harmony and social adjustment, has been suggested to be associated with detecting emotional expressions that signal social threat than individualistic orientation, which entails independent self-construal. The present research tested if this detection is a result of enhanced perceptual sensitivity or of response bias. We used country as proxy of individualism and collectivism (Country IC), measured IC of individuals with a questionnaire (Individual IC) and manipulated IC with culture priming (Situational IC). Dutch participants in the Netherlands (n = 143) and Chinese participants in China (n = 151) performed a social threat detection task where they had to categorize ambiguous facial expressions as “angry” or “not angry”. As the stimuli varied in degrees of scowling and frequency of presentation, we were able to measure the participants' perceptual sensitivity and response bias following the principles of the Signal Detection Theory. On the Country IC level, the results indicated that individualism-representative Dutch participants had higher perceptual sensitivity than collectivism-representative Chinese participants; whereas, Chinese participants were more biased towards categorizing a scowling face as “angry” than the Dutch (i.e. stronger liberal bias). In both groups, collectivism on the Individual IC was associated with a bias towards recognizing a scowling face as “not angry” (i.e. stronger conservative bias). Culture priming (Situational IC) affected neither perceptual sensitivity nor response bias. Our data suggested that cultural differences were in the form of behavioral tendency and IC entails multiple constructs linked to different outcomes in social threat detection.

scholarly journals Hazard Perception in City and Highway Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1404-1408
Author(s):  
John Paul Plummer ◽  
Anastasia Diamond ◽  
Alex Chaparro ◽  
Rui Ni
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Response Criterion ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
City Environment ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
The City

Hazard perception (HP) is an important aspect of driving performance and is associated with crash risk. In the current study, we investigate the effect of roadway environment (city vs. highway) and expertise on HP. HP was measured using HP clips that evaluated response lag (defined as the time from the participant’s response to the end of the clip) and fuzzy signal detection theory metrics of response criterion and sensitivity. Forty videos were used: 20 from highway environments and 20 from city environments. Forty-eight participants with a range of driving experience as assessed by the years since obtaining a license (less than 1 year to 24 years) completed the study. There were differences between city and highway environments in response lag and response bias; participants responded earlier to the hazards in the highway environment and exhibited a more liberal response bias. Driving experience was significantly correlated to response lag. When the video clips were categorized by environment, driving experience was only significantly correlated with performance for the city environment.

scholarly journals Sex Matters: Robust Sex Differences in Signal Detection in the HIV-1 Transgenic Rat

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. McLaurin ◽  
Rosemarie M. Booze ◽  
Charles F. Mactutus ◽  
Amanda J. Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Transgenic Rat ◽  
Hiv 1

Spesialisasie binne die bedryfsielkunde

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Van W Raubenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Job Analysis ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Industrial Psychology ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Selection Instrument

Personnel selection is carried out by the personnel psychologist/ personnel practitioner responsible for the supply of human resources. Selection models and -technology have been refined to a high degree and are scientifically acceptable. With regards to the identification of critical attributes on which selection is based, it is suggested in the study that job analysis be performed in the light of insights and knowledge gained in other branches of Industrial Psychology. Specifically the study shows that high and low work performance operators (N=25) involved in a a vigilance task, can be differentiated on the basis of signal detection theory. The results of the study (t-test for differences between means) suggest that selection in the situation investigated, should be based on the ability to discriminate between signals and not on the response bias of operators. The results also indicate that the task, based on signal detection theory, which was designed for the study, could be used as a selection instrument. OpsommingPersoneelkeuring setel gewoonlik by die personeelsiel-kundige/ personeelpraktisyn wat vir die voorsiening van menslike hulpbronne verantwoordelik is. Keuringsmodelle en –tegnologie is in 'n hoë mate verfyn en vakkundig verantwoordbaar. Ten opsigte van die identifisering van kritieke attribute op grond waarvan keuring plaasvind, word daar in die studie betoog dat daar aanvullend tot werkontleding ook op die kennis en insig wat in ander vertakkinge van die Bedryfsielkunde gegenereer word, gesteun moet word. In besonder word daar in die studie (N=25) aangetoon dat 'n onderskeid tussen hoë en lae werkprestasie-operateurs, gemoeid met 'n waaksaamheidstaak, op grond van seinbespeuringsteorie gemaak kan word. Uit die resultate van die studie (t-toets vir gemiddeldes) blyk dit dat keuring in die betrokke situasie op diskriminasievermoë en nie op responsievooroordeel nie, afgestem behoort te word en dat die taak, voortspruitend uit seinbespeuringsteorie wat vir die studie ontwerp was, as keuringsinstrument gebruik kan word.

Exploring the Effects of Extraversion on Social Facilitation and Vigilance Task Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1216-1220
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Claypoole ◽  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Alexis R. Neigel ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
And Task

Vigilance, or sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for extended periods of time. Recently, research on vigilance has focused on identifying individual differences and task design factors that may improve cognitive-based vigilance performance. One such factor is social facilitation, which leads to improved task performance when at least one individual is present. But, relatively little is known about the personality factors, such as extraversion or introversion, which may influence the effects of social presence, and in turn affect vigilance performance. Given this gap in the literature, the present research seeks to determine how personality, specifically extraversion, is related to vigilance performance in the presence of another individual. A total of 39 observers completed a 24-minute vigilance task either alone, in the mere presence of another person, or in the evaluative presence of another person (i.e., an individual monitoring their performance). The results indicated that extraversion was negatively correlated to the proportion of correct detections and sensitivity ( A’).

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