The ANALISIS BEBAN KERJA OPERATOR PAPER MESIN #6 PT. INDAH KIAT PULP AND PAPER TBK MENGGUNAKAN METODE CARDIOVASCULAR LOAD (CVL) DAN SUBJECTIVE WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE ( SWAT )

Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper Tbk merupakan perusahaan industri manufaktur yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan bubur kertas, salah satu mesin kertas terbesar di Perawang adalah Paper mesin #6. Paper mesin #6 beroperasi secara kontinyu 24 jam dan untuk mendukung proses produksi tersebut jam kerja karyawan dibagi menjadi 3 shift kerja. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada paper mesin ini adalah tingginya angka kecelakaan kerja dikarenakan tingginya beban kerja yang dirasakan oleh operator sehingga menyebabkan operator kelelahan baik fisik maupun mental. Penelitian dilakukan pada operator stasiun produksi Wet End, Dry End, Chemical, Winder dan Thimons yaitu dilakukan pengukuran beban kerja fisik dengan menggunakan metode Cardiovascular Load (CVL) dan pengukuran beban kerja mental dengan metode Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). Hasil perhitungan metode CVL bahwa beban kerja fisik yang paling besar pada shift 3 grup B terjadi pada operator Thimons 1 memiliki nilai % CVL sebesar 46,62 % dengan rekomendasi diperlukan perbaikan dan operator Wet End 3 dengan nilai % CVL sebesar 44,74 % dengan keterangan diperlukan perbaikan. Berdasarkan hasil CVL, sebanyak 12 karyawan mengalami beban kerja fisik. Berbeda dengan kepala shift dan operator Dekstop Control System (DCS), beban kerja yang dirasakan cenderung lebih ke beban mental. Penelitian pada kepala shift dan operator DCS menggunakan metode, metode SWAT digunakan untuk mengukur beban kerja mental. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara pengamatan dan wawancara secara langsung, selanjutnya kepala shift dan operator DCS diminta untuk mengurutkan 27 lembar kartu SWAT yang terdiri dari Time Load(T), Mental Effort Load(E) dan Psycological Stress Load (S). hasil pengurutan kartu SWAT diolah dengan menggunakan aplikasi DosBox 0.74, setelah itu dilakukan pengkonversian nilai dari Time, Effort dan Stress (T.E.S). Berdasarkan perhitungan beban kerja mental kepala shift, faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah faktor Time dengan nilai 60,44% diikuti faktor Effort dan Stress dengan nilai 29,64% dan 9,92%. Hal serupa dengan operator DCS, faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah faktor Time dengan nilai 68,57% diikuti faktor Effort dan Stress dengan nilai 23,29% dan 8,13%. Beban waktu menjadi faktor utama yang dirasakan oleh karyawan karena tuntutan pekerjaan yang mengharuskan karyawan harus cepat dalam melakukan setiap aktivitas.

The Impact of Cognitive, Physical, and Psychological Stressors on Subsequent Cognitive Performance

Objective To quantify the impact of performing challenging cognitive, physical and psychological tasks on subsequent cognitive performance, and whether differences in performance are predicted by psychological variables. Background Successful performance in many occupations depends on resilient cognition: the degree to which cognitive functions can withstand, or are resilient to, the effects of stress. Several studies have examined the effect of individual stressors on cognition; however, the capacity to compare different types of stress across studies is limited. Method Fifty-eight participants completed cognitive, physical, psychological and control interventions, immediately preceded, and followed, by a battery of cognitive tasks. Self-efficacy and cognitive appraisal were reported at baseline. Perceived stress was recorded post-intervention. Subjective workload was recorded for each cognitive battery and intervention. Results Cognitive performance was impaired by the cognitive, physical and psychological interventions, with the greatest effect following the cognitive intervention. The subjective workload reported for the post-intervention cognitive battery was higher following the cognitive and physical interventions. Neither self-efficacy, cognitive appraisal, perceived stress nor subjective workload of the intervention strongly predicted post-intervention performance. Conclusion Given the differences among interventions and cognitive domains, it appears that challenges to resilient cognition are broad and varied, and the mechanism(s) by which impairment occurs is complex. Application Considering the increase in subjective workload for the post-intervention cognitive battery, a combination of subjective and objective measures of cognitive performance monitoring should be considered.

P090 The Effect of Workload, Sleep Deprivation and Time of Day on Simulated Driving Performance

Sustained operations expose individuals to long work periods, which deteriorates their ability to sustain attention. Biological factors, including sleep deprivation and time of day, have been shown to play a critical role in the ability to sustain attention. However, a gap in the literature exists regarding external factors, such as workload. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of sleep deprivation, time of day, and workload on sustained attention. Twenty-one participants (18–34y, 10 F) were exposed to 62 hours of sleep deprivation within a controlled laboratory environment. Every 8 hours, sustained attention was measured using a 30-minute monotonous driving task, and subjective workload was measured using the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX). Workload, defined as time on task was assessed by splitting the drive into two 15-minute loops. A mixed model ANOVA revealed significant main effects of day (sleep deprivation) and time of day on lane deviation, number of crashes, speed deviation and time outside the safe zone (all p<.001). There was a significant main effect of workload (time on task) on lane deviation (p=.042), indicating that a longer time on task resulted in greater lane deviation. NASA-TLX scores significantly increased with sleep deprivation (p<.001), indicating that subjective workload increased with sleep loss even though the task remained constant. Workload, sleep deprivation and time of day produced a deterioration in sustained attention. With this, countermeasures that not only consider sleep deprivation and time of day, but also workload (time on task) can be considered.

The Effects of Physical and Psychological Stress on Task Load Assesment and Grammatical Reasoning Among Special Forces Soldiers

We examined the effects of a stressful training course exercise on soldiers stress hormone (cortisol levels), subjective workload and grammatical reasoning. Saliva samples, Baddeley 3-minute reasoning test and NASA-TLX workload assessment were collected 10 minutes before the course (PRE measurement), immediately after the course (POST measurement) and 12 and 20 minutes after the course (Recovery 1 and Recovery 2 measurements). Workload was lowest in PPE-measurement, highest in POST-measurement immediately after the course and declined near to the PRE level during the recovery measurements. The levels of cortisol concentrations and grammatical reasoning test scores followed the same trend.

A-92 Assessing Perceived Workload on the Brief Visual Memory Test in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors

Objective We examined perceived workload as it is related to Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) short-delay and long-delay performance in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy comparison (HC) participants. Method The sample consisted of 39 TBI participants and 54 HC participants. Demographically corrected BVMT-R scores were used to evaluate short-delay and long-delay performances. The perceived workload was measured using the NASA-TLX. Results ANOVA revealed that the HC group outperformed the TBI group on the BVMT-R short-delay and long-delay score, p < 05, η p 2 = 0.05. ANCOVAs controlling for age were used to evaluate NASA-TLX group differences. In regards to the NASA-TLX, TBI participants reported higher levels of physical demand, effort, frustration and overall subjective workload on the BVMT-R short-delay compared to HC participants, p < 05, η p 2 = 0.01–0.09. Furthermore, on the long-delay of the BVMT-R, the NASA-TLX revealed that the TBI group reported higher levels of temporal demand, effort, frustration and overall subjective workload compared to the HC group, p < 0.05, η p 2 = 0.05–0.14. Conclusions Results revealed that TBI participants demonstrated worse BVMT-R performances than HC participants. However, TBI survivors reported higher perceived workload demands compared to the HC group in both short-delay and long-delay of the BVMT-R. Our findings suggest that TBI impacts non-verbal memory performance in both BVMT-R short-delay and long-delay. Also, brain injury may be impacting TBI survivors’ awareness of their non-verbal memory performance. Further work is required to determine what drives the impaired perception of non-verbal memory performance among TBI survivors.

Visual attention during pediatric resuscitation with feedback devices: a randomized simulation study

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feedback devices on visual attention and the quality of pediatric resuscitation. Methods This was a randomized cross-over simulation study at the Medical University of Vienna. Participants were students and neonatal providers performing four resuscitation scenarios with the support of feedback devices randomized. The primary outcome was the quality of resuscitation. Secondary outcomes were total dwell time (=total duration of visit time) on areas of interest and the workload of participants. Results Forty participants were analyzed. Overall, chest compression (P < 0.001) and ventilation quality were significantly better (P = 0.002) when using a feedback device. Dwell time on the feedback device was 40.1% in the ventilation feedback condition and 48.7% in the chest compression feedback condition. In both conditions, participants significantly reduced attention from the infant’s chest and mask (72.9 vs. 32.6% and 21.9 vs. 12.7%). Participants’ subjective workload increased by 3.5% (P = 0.018) and 8% (P < 0.001) when provided with feedback during a 3-min chest compression and ventilation scenario, respectively. Conclusions The quality of pediatric resuscitation significantly improved when using real-time feedback. However, attention shifted from the manikin and other equipment to the feedback device and subjective workload increased, respectively. Impact Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with feedback devices results in a higher quality of resuscitation and has the potential to lead to a better outcome for patients. Feedback devices consume attention from resuscitation providers. Feedback devices were associated with a shift of visual attention to the feedback devices and an increased workload of participants. Increased workload for providers and benefits for resuscitation quality need to be balanced for the best effect.

Comparison of Weighted and Unweighted Task Load Indices for Single-Site Surgery Tasks

Background: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) a nd Surgery Task Load Index (SURG-TLX) are two subjective workload m easurement instruments. Both instruments provide unweighted andweightedworkload measurements. Weighted TLX m easures have seldomly been used byresearchers typically becauseof its high correlation with unweighted TLX a nd addedexperimentaltime to collect pairwise weightings. Therefore, theaim of thestudy wa s to compare weighted TLX scores with unweighted TLX scores and each’s sensitivity for demographic and experimentalfactors. Methods: Two simulated la paroscopic single site surgery tasks were completedusing four surgicalmethods by 25 participants. Pearson correlations, principle componentanalyses and mixed effect models were used to compare the unweightedandweighted TLXscores across tasks a nd methods. Results: There was a high correlation(r > 0.950, p < 0.001) betweentheunweighted TLXscores and the weighted TLX scores. The weighted TLX scores showed better sensitivity to both demographic and experimental factors for both TLX instruments. Conclusion: The overall weighted NASA-TLX and SURG-TLX scores differed from their respective unweighted scores even with a high correlation. The weighted TLXshowed potentialto better discriminate subjective workloadfor single-site ta sks. Future research is needed to identify and validatea more streamlinedweightingmethodparticularly for complex experimental taskslike single-site surgery.

Measuring Cognitive Load Using In-Game Metrics of a Serious Simulation Game

Serious games have become an important tool to train individuals in a range of different skills. Importantly, serious games or gamified scenarios allow for simulating realistic time-critical situations to train and also assess individual performance. In this context, determining the user’s cognitive load during (game-based) training seems crucial for predicting performance and potential adaptation of the training environment to improve training effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to identify in-game metrics sensitive to users’ cognitive load. According to Barrouillets’ time-based resource-sharing model, particularly relevant for measuring cognitive load in time-critical situations, cognitive load does not depend solely on the complexity of actions but also on temporal aspects of a given task. In this study, we applied this idea to the context of a serious game by proposing in-game metrics for workload prediction that reflect a relation between the time during which participants’ attention is captured and the total time available for the task at hand. We used an emergency simulation serious game requiring management of time-critical situations. Forty-seven participants completed the emergency simulation and rated their workload using the NASA-TLX questionnaire. Results indicated that the proposed in-game metrics yielded significant associations both with subjective workload measures as well as with gaming performance. Moreover, we observed that a prediction model based solely on data from the first minutes of the gameplay predicted overall gaming performance with a classification accuracy significantly above chance level and not significantly different from a model based on subjective workload ratings. These results imply that in-game metrics may qualify for a real-time adaptation of a game-based learning environment.