The Effects of Training on Cognitive Capacity Demands for Synthetic Speech

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (18) ◽  
pp. 1229-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Connolly Gomez ◽  
Wayne Shebilske ◽  
J. Wesley Regian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Synthetic Speech ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Improved Performance

Previous studies have revealed that the perception and comprehension of synthetic speech may be attributed to increased processing demands in short-term memory as reflected in serial-order and preload paradigm tasks. Additionally, it has been consistently shown that the perception of synthetic speech improves with moderate amounts of training. The present study was conducted to determine if the increased perceptual effects of training for synthetic speech can be attributed to a reduction of short-term memory load. Two groups of subjects were tested with synthetic speech using the same comprehension and high cognitive processing tasks before and after training. One group was trained with synthetic speech and the other group acted as the control, receiving no training between the pretest and post-test interval. Results reveal similar increases in comprehension based on previous synthetic speech studies for the trained group. Moreover, these results suggest that training on synthetic speech promotes better allocation of attentional resources which result in improved performance on working memory capacity measures.

Theta bandwidth determines human visual working memory capacity Human visual short term memory (VSTM) is capacity limited1. The neurophysiological basis for this limitation is, however, currently unknown. Here we apply the principle of efficient information transfer, derived from communications theory, to provide a mechanistic account of VSTM capacity. Shannon's information theory states that to increase the capacity of information encoded along a frequency axis, it is more efficient to expand the bandwidth than to increase the transmitted power for a given level of noise2. By applying Shannon's principles to human magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of oscillatory activity in the theta band during a VSTM task, we demonstrate that increasing memory load to capacity induces a parametric shift in theta frequency band during the delay period, from 4 to 8 Hz, in a right fronto-parietal network. Critically, we show that an individual's VSTM capacity is proportional to that parametric shift. Thus, the adherence of cortical neuronal oscillations to a fundamental principle of efficient information transfer appears to underlie the limited nature of visual representation in short-term memory.

NeuroImage ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. S144 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Moran ◽  
B.A. Strange ◽  
P. Campo ◽  
R.J. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Communications Theory ◽  
Efficient Information

scholarly journals Offloading items from memory: individual differences in cognitive offloading in a short-term memory task

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra B. Morrison ◽  
Lauren L. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cognitive Offloading ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
High Cognitive Demand

AbstractCognitive offloading refers to the act of reducing the mental processing requirements of a task through physical actions like writing down information or storing information on a cell phone or computer. Offloading can lead to improved performance on ongoing tasks with high cognitive demand, such as tasks where multiple pieces of information must be simultaneously maintained. However, less is known about why some individuals choose to engage in offloading and under what conditions they might choose to do so. In the present study, offloading behavior is investigated in a short-term memory task requiring memory for letters. The present study is a replication and extension of a previous study conducted by Risko and Dunn, and tests the new prediction that individuals with lower working memory capacity will be more likely to offload. Here, we find that offloading information confers a performance advantage over relying on internal memory stores, particularly at higher memory loads. However, we fail to observe that those with poorer memory abilities have a greater propensity for offloading or benefit more from it. Instead, our findings suggest that cognitive offloading may be a valid compensatory strategy to improve performance of memory-based tasks for individuals with a wide range of memory ability.

scholarly journals Short-term Memory in Childhood Dyslexia: Deficient Serial Order in Multiple Modalities

Dyslexia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Cowan ◽  
Tiffany P. Hogan ◽  
Mary Alt ◽  
Samuel Green ◽  
Kathryn L. Cabbage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Childhood Dyslexia

Probed recall for serial order deficits in short-term memory in schizophrenic patients

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brita Elvevåg ◽  
Joscelyn E Fisher ◽  
Terry E Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Short-term memory for serial order in schizophrenia: A detailed examination of error types.

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brita Elvevåg ◽  
Daniel R. Weinberger ◽  
Terry E. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Error Types

scholarly journals Visual short-term memory for 3D shapes reveals similar properties to simple 2D features

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Robitaille ◽  
Stephen Emrich
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
3D Shapes

In the past two decades, significant advances have been made to understand the psychophysical properties of visual short-term memory (VSTM). Most studies, however, make inferences based on memory for simple surface features of 2D shapes. Here, we examined the role of object complexity and dimensionality on the psychophysical properties of VSTM by comparing orientation memory for 2D lines and complex 3D objects in a delayed-response continuous report task, where memory load (Experiment 1) or axis of rotation (Experiment 2) was manipulated. In both experiments, our results demonstrate an overall cost of complexity that affected participants raw errors as well as their guess rate and response precision derived from mixture modelling. We also demonstrate that participants’ memory performance is correlated between stimulus types and that memory performance for both 2D and 3D shapes is better fit to the variable precision model of VSTM than to tested competing models. Interestingly, the ability to report complex objects is not consistent across axes of rotation. These results indicate that, despite the fact that VSTM shares similar properties for 2D and 3D shapes, VSTM is far from being a unitary process and is affected by stimulus properties such as complexity and dimensionality.

The Processing of Synthetic Speech by Older and Younger Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janan Al-Awar Smither
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Synthetic Speech ◽  
Text To Speech ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Older Subjects

This experiment investigated the demands synthetic speech places on short term memory by comparing performance of old and young adults on an ordinary short term memory task. Items presented were generated by a human speaker or by a text-to-speech computer synthesizer. Results were consistent with the idea that the comprehension of synthetic speech imposes increased resource demands on the short term memory system. Older subjects performed significantly more poorly than younger subjects, and both groups performed more poorly with synthetic than with human speech. Findings suggest that short term memory demands imposed by the processing of synthetic speech should be investigated further, particularly regarding the implementation of voice response systems in devices for the elderly.

FMRI and EEG in humans performing a delayed discrimination task: The effect of short-term memory load

NeuroImage ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
David E.J. Linden ◽  
James A. Waltz ◽  
Lars Muckli ◽  
David Prvulovic ◽  
Rainer Goebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory
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