Practical Application of a Biaxial Goniometer to the Wrist Joint

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 558-562
Author(s):  
Bryan Buchholz ◽  
Helen Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Forearm Rotation ◽  
Wrist Movement ◽  
Calibration Technique ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Angular Data ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Goniometric Measurements

The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine errors in wrist angle measurements from a commercially-available biaxial electrogoniometer and 2) to develop a calibration routine in order to correct for these errors. Goniometric measurements were simultaneously collected with true angular data using a fixture that allowed wrist movement in one plane while restricting motion in the orthogonal plane. These data were collected in two sets of trials: 1) flexion/extension with radial/ulnar deviation restricted and 2) radial/ulnar deviation with flexion/extension restricted. During these trials, discrete 30 degree increments of forearm rotation were studied. The results showed the expected cross talk and zero drift errors during forearm rotation. The application of mathematical equations that describe the effect of goniometer twist during forearm rotation resulted in significant error reduction for most trials. The calibration technique employs both a slope and a displacement transformation to improve the accuracy of angular data. The calibration technique may be used on data collected in the field if forearm rotation is measured simultaneously with the goniometer data.

Practical Operation of a Biaxial Goniometer at the Wrist Joint

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Buchholz ◽  
Helen Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Forearm Rotation ◽  
Calibration Technique ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Practical Operation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Angular Data ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Goniometric Measurements

The objectives of this study were (a) to determine errors in wrist angle measurements from a commercially available biaxial electrogoniometer and (b) to develop a calibration routine in order to correct for these errors. Goniometric measurements were collected simultaneously with true angular data using a fixture that allowed wrist movement in one plane while restricting motion in the orthogonal plane. These data were collected in two sets of trials: flexion/extension with radial/ulnar deviation restricted, and radial/ulnar deviation with flexion/extension restricted. During these trials, we studied discrete 30° increments of forearm rotation. The results showed the expected cross talk and zero drift errors during forearm rotation. The application of mathematical equations that describe the effect of goniometer twist resulted in significant error reduction for most forearm rotations. The calibration technique employs both a slope and a displacement transformation to improve the accuracy of angular data. The calibration technique may be used on data collected in the field if forearm rotation is measured simultaneously with the goniometer data.

Kinematic Analysis of Relative Motion within the Proximal Carpal Row

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. SENNWALD ◽  
V. ZDRAVKOVIC ◽  
H. A. C. JACOB ◽  
H. P. KERN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Motion ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Flexion Extension

The motions of the scaphoid and triquetrum relative to the lunate have been studied on cadaver specimens. The helical axis concept was applied. The wrist motions performed were flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation. The results showed increased relative motion of the scaphoid towards terminal extension, and to a lesser amount in the case of the triquetrum, towards terminal flexion. The lunate might be considered as a keystone in the proximal carpal row when wrist stability is considered. It is doubly intercalated: longitudinally and transversely. Wrist ligaments co-ordinate the positioning of the bones in the mid-range of carpal motions, and restrict further motion in extreme positions of the wrist joint.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Capitate Kinematics are Eliminated After Accounting for Variation in Carpal Size

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Rainbow ◽  
Joseph J. Crisco ◽  
Douglas C. Moore ◽  
Scott W. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Carpal Bone ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Rotation Axes ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Joint Center ◽  
Best Fit

Previous studies have found gender differences in carpal kinematics, and there are discrepancies in the literature on the location of the flexion∕extension and radio-ulnar deviation rotation axes of the wrist. It has been postulated that these differences are due to carpal bone size differences rather than gender and that they may be resolved by normalizing the kinematics by carpal size. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in radio-capitate kinematics are a function of size or gender. We also sought to determine if a best-fit pivot point (PvP) describes the radio-capitate joint as a ball-and-socket articulation. By using an in vivo markerless bone registration technique applied to computed tomography scans of 26 male and 28 female wrists, we applied scaling derived from capitate length to radio-capitate kinematics, characterized by a best-fit PvP. We determined if radio-capitate kinematics behave as a ball-and-socket articulation by examining the error in the best-fit PvP. Scaling PvP location completely removed gender differences (P=0.3). This verifies that differences in radio-capitate kinematics are due to size and not gender. The radio-capitate joint did not behave as a perfect ball and socket because helical axes representing anatomical motions such as flexion-extension, radio-ulnar deviation, dart throwers, and antidart throwers, were located at distances up to 4.5mm from the PvP. Although the best-fit PvP did not yield a single center of rotation, it was still consistently found within the proximal pole of the capitate, and rms errors of the best-fit PvP calculation were on the order of 2mm. Therefore, the ball-and-socket model of the wrist joint center using the best-fit PvP is appropriate when considering gross motion of the hand with respect to the forearm such as in optical motion capture models. However, the ball-and-socket model of the wrist is an insufficient description of the complex motion of the capitate with respect to the radius. These findings may aid in the design of wrist external fixation and orthotics.

scholarly journals The passive stiffness of the wrist and forearm

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Formica ◽  
Steven K. Charles ◽  
Loredana Zollo ◽  
Eugenio Guglielmelli ◽  
Neville Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Rehabilitation Robot ◽  
Passive Stiffness ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stiffness Matrices ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
Wrist Stiffness ◽  
Rotation Dynamics

Because wrist rotation dynamics are dominated by stiffness (Charles SK, Hogan N. J Biomech 44: 614–621, 2011), understanding how humans plan and execute coordinated wrist rotations requires knowledge of the stiffness characteristics of the wrist joint. In the past, the passive stiffness of the wrist joint has been measured in 1 degree of freedom (DOF). Although these 1-DOF measurements inform us of the dynamics the neuromuscular system must overcome to rotate the wrist in pure flexion-extension (FE) or pure radial-ulnar deviation (RUD), the wrist rarely rotates in pure FE or RUD. Instead, understanding natural wrist rotations requires knowledge of wrist stiffness in combinations of FE and RUD. The purpose of this report is to present measurements of passive wrist stiffness throughout the space spanned by FE and RUD. Using a rehabilitation robot designed for the wrist and forearm, we measured the passive stiffness of the wrist joint in 10 subjects in FE, RUD, and combinations. For comparison, we measured the passive stiffness of the forearm (in pronation-supination), as well. Our measurements in pure FE and RUD agreed well with previous 1-DOF measurements. We have linearized the 2-DOF stiffness measurements and present them in the form of stiffness ellipses and as stiffness matrices useful for modeling wrist rotation dynamics. We found that passive wrist stiffness was anisotropic, with greater stiffness in RUD than in FE. We also found that passive wrist stiffness did not align with the anatomical axes of the wrist; the major and minor axes of the stiffness ellipse were rotated with respect to the FE and RUD axes by ∼20°. The direction of least stiffness was between ulnar flexion and radial extension, a direction used in many natural movements (known as the “dart-thrower's motion”), suggesting that the nervous system may take advantage of the direction of least stiffness for common wrist rotations.

scholarly journals Wrist Position Sense in Two Dimensions: Between-Hand Symmetry and Anisotropic Accuracy Across the Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia A. Albanese ◽  
Michael W. R. Holmes ◽  
Francesca Marini ◽  
Pietro Morasso ◽  
Jacopo Zenzeri
Keyword(s):  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Wrist Flexion ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Target Direction ◽  
Wrist Position ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Combined Movements

A deep investigation of proprioceptive processes is necessary to understand the relationship between sensory afferent inputs and motor outcomes. In this work, we investigate whether and how perception of wrist position is influenced by the direction along which the movement occurs. Most previous studies have tested Joint Position Sense (JPS) through 1 degree of freedom (DoF) wrist movements, such as flexion/extension (FE) or radial/ulnar deviation (RUD). However, the wrist joint has 3-DoF and many activities of daily living produce combined movements, requiring at least 2-DoF wrist coordination. For this reason, in this study, target positions involved movement directions that combined wrist flexion or extension with radial or ulnar deviation. The chosen task was a robot-aided Joint Position Matching (JPM), in which blindfolded participants actively reproduced a previously passively assumed target joint configuration. The JPM performance of 20 healthy participants was quantified through measures of accuracy and precision, in terms of both perceived target direction and distance along each direction of movement. Twelve different directions of movement were selected and both hands tested. The left and right hand led to comparable results, both target extents and directions were differently perceived according to the target direction on the FE/RUD space. Moreover, during 2-DoF combined movements, subjects’ perception of directions was impaired when compared to 1-DoF target movements. In summary, our results showed that human perception of wrist position on the FE/RUD space is symmetric between hands but not isotropic among movement directions.

Scaphoid Motion of the Wrist with Scapho-trapezio-trapezoidal Osteoarthritis-A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
Ronit Wollstein ◽  
Hisao Moritomo ◽  
Iida Akio ◽  
Shohei Omokawa
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Position ◽  
Wrist Flexion ◽  
Wrist Movement ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Wrist Motion ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Active Flexion ◽  
Extended Position ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Surface Models

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate scaphoid motion within the scapho-trapezio-trapezoidal (STT) joint during wrist motion in the presence of STT joint osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: We studied 11 wrists with STT OA and 5 normal wrists. Computed tomography (CT) images were acquired in five wrist positions (maximum active flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, and neutral position). The 3-dimensional surface models of the radius and scaphoid were constructed and the motion of scaphoid relative to the radius was calculated. Results and Conclusion: During wrist flexion/extension motion, the scaphoid rotated mostly in the flexion/extension plane. The angle tended to be smaller in STT OA than in normal. During wrist radioulnar deviation, the scaphoid was in an extended position in neutral wrist in STT OA. The motion of scaphoid in STT OA was divided into two types: a rigid type and mobile type. The mobile type rotated closer to the flexion/extension plane than the rigid type. Taking into account scaphoid motion during wrist movement before surgery may provide better results in the treatment of STT OA.

scholarly journals Clinical measurement of the dart throwing motion of the wrist: variability, accuracy and correction

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Vardakastani ◽  
Hannah Bell ◽  
Sarah Mee ◽  
Gavin Brigstocke ◽  
Angela E. Kedgley
Keyword(s):  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Optical Motion Tracking ◽  
Goniometric Measurements ◽  
Optical Motion Capture ◽  
Throwing Motion

Despite being functionally important, the dart throwing motion is difficult to assess accurately through goniometry. The objectives of this study were to describe a method for reliably quantifying the dart throwing motion using goniometric measurements within a healthy population. Wrist kinematics of 24 healthy participants were assessed using goniometry and optical motion tracking. Three wrist angles were measured at the starting and ending points of the motion: flexion–extension, radial–ulnar deviation and dart throwing motion angle. The orientation of the dart throwing motion plane relative to the flexion–extension axis ranged between 28° and 57° among the tested population. Plane orientations derived from optical motion capture differed from those calculated through goniometry by 25°. An equation to correct the estimation of the plane from goniometry measurements was derived. This was applied and differences in the orientation of the plane were reduced to non-significant levels, enabling the dart throwing motion to be measured using goniometry alone.

Influence of Joint Laxity on Scaphoid Kinematics

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GARCIA-ELIAS ◽  
M. RIBE ◽  
J. RODRIGUEZ ◽  
M. COTS ◽  
J. CASAS
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Joint Laxity ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Kinematic Behaviour ◽  
Mechanical Factors

Excessively lax wrists more frequently become symptomatic if overloaded or injured than normal joints. Whether this is the consequence of biological or mechanical factors or both remains unknown. This study evaluates the relationship between the degree of joint laxity and scaphoid kinematic behaviour during radio-ulnar deviation of the wrist in 60 normal volunteers. There is a significant linear relationship between the direction of scaphoid rotation and the amount of wrist joint laxity. During lateral deviation of the wrist, joints that are more lax have a scaphoid rotating mainly along the sagittal plane of flexion and extension, with little lateral deviation. In contrast, the scaphoid of volunteers with decreased laxity rotate mostly along the frontal plane of radio-ulnar deviation with minimal flexion extension. These results support the concept of increased out-of-plane scaphoid rotation as a factor of increased vulnerability during over-work or injury.

Effect of scaphoid and triquetrum excision after limited stabilisation on cadaver wrist movement

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 614-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. BAIN ◽  
A. SOOD ◽  
N. ASHWOOD ◽  
P. C. TURNER ◽  
Q. A. FOGG
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Wrist Movement ◽  
Wrist Motion ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After

This study assessed the effect of excision of the scaphoid and triquetrum on the range of motion of the embalmed cadaver wrist joint after midcarpal stabilisation. The range of motion was measured in 12 cadaver wrists before and after stabilisation of the joints between the lunate, capitate, triquetrum and hamate. This was measured again following resection of the scaphoid and then the triquetrum. Scaphoid excision after four-corner stabilisation increased the radioulnar (RU) arc by 12° and the flexion–extension (F–E) arc by 10°. Subsequent excision of the triquetrum, to produce a three-corner stabilisation, further increased the RU arc by 7° and the F–E arc by 6°. Three-corner stabilisation with excision of scaphoid and triquetrum improved wrist motion in embalmed cadavers.

Feasibility of an iPhone-based application for knee joint goniometry during gait in a stroke patient (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Nava ◽  
Patrizio Sale ◽  
Vittorio Leggero ◽  
Simona Ferrante ◽  
Cira Fundaro' ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Stroke Patient ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Hemiparetic Gait ◽  
Flexion Extension

BACKGROUND In recent years, different smartphone apps have been validated for joint goniometry, but none for goniometric assessment of gait after stroke. OBJECTIVE The aims of our work were to assess:1) to assess intra-rater reliability of an image-based goniometric app – DrGoniometer- in the measurement of the extension, flexion angles and range of motion of the knee during the hemiparetic gait of a stroke patient; (2) its validity comparing to the reference method (electrogoniometer) for flexion-extension excursion measurements; and the intra-rater agreement in the choice of the video frames. METHODS An left-hemiparetic inpatient following haemorrhagic stroke was filmed using the app while walking on a linear path. An electrogoniometer was fixed on the medial face of the affected knee in order to record the dynamic goniometry during gait. Twenty-one raters, blinded to measurements, were recruited to rate knee angle measurements from video acquired with DrGoniometer. Each rater repeated the same procedure twice, the second one at least one day after the first measure. RESULTS Results showed that flexion angle measurements are reliable (ICC95%=0.66, 0.34;0.85; SEM=4°), and adequately precise (CV=14%). Extension angles measurements demonstrated moderate reliability and higher degree of variation (ICC=0.51, 0.09;0.77; SEM 4°; CV=53%). ROM values were: ICC=0.23 (-0.21;0.60); CV=20%. Accuracy of DrGoniometer compared to the electrogoniometer was 7.3±4.7°. The selection of maximum extension frame revealed an accordance of 58% and 72% within a range of ±5 or ±10 frames, respectively; while the best flexion frame reported 86% of agreement for both range of 5 and 10 frames. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated moderate to good reliability concerning the maximum extension and flexion angles, while assessing ROM DrGoniometer showed poor intra-rater reliability. Flexion angle measurements seemed to be reliable according to ICC and SEM values and more precise with a limited dispersion of results DrGoniometer revealed a good accuracy in the measurement of range of motion. The agreement of the maximal extension frame was anyway adequate within 5 frames (59%) and noticeably increased within 10 frames (72%). In conclusion, DrGoniometer was found to be a valid and reliable method for assessing knee angles during hemiparetic gait. Further studies are necessary to investigate inter-rater reliability and confirm our results.

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