Fnb Note Errors in Early Infant Nutrition in the World and in Czechoslovakia: The Risk of Development of Hypertension in Adolescence and Adulthood

Early colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract is crucial for the overall health of the infant, and establishment and maintenance of non-pathogenic intestinal microbiota may reduce several neonatal inflammatory conditions. Much effort has therefore been devoted to manipulation of the composition of the microbiota through 1) the role of early infant nutrition, particularly breast milk, and supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics that positively influence the enteric microbiota by selectively promoting growth of beneficial bacteria and 2) oral administration of probiotic bacteria which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. While the complex microbiota of the adult is difficult to change in the long-term, there is greater impact of the diet on infant microbiota as this is not as stable as in adults. Decreasing excessive use of antibiotics and increasing the use of pre- and probiotics have shown to be beneficial in the prevention of several important infant diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and atopic eczema as well as improvement of short and long-term health. This review addresses how the composition of the gut microbiota becomes established in early life, its relevance to infant health, and dietary means by which it can be manipulated.

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Early Infant Nutrition: Bottle Feeding

Nutrition ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-7210-7_7 ◽

1979 ◽

pp. 261-271

Author(s):

Lewis A. Barness

Keyword(s):

Infant Nutrition ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Early Infant ◽

Early Infant Nutrition

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Breastfeeding

10.2310/obg.19032 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Marcie Richardson

Keyword(s):

Infant Nutrition ◽

Milk Composition ◽

World Health ◽

Medical Community ◽

Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ◽

Skin Contact ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Breastfeeding Rates ◽

Skin To Skin

Breastfeeding is endorsed by the medical community as the optimal nutrition for infants during the first 6-12 months of life.1,2,3 Breastfeeding rates in the US and worldwide have varied over time and still vary geographically.4 There is robust literature addressing the physiology of lactation, composition of breast milk, and health advantages of breastfeeding for both the mother and infant as well as strategies for clinicians to promote and support breastfeeding. This chapter reviews breastfeeding history, how milk is made, why breastfeeding matters, and the somewhat controversial the World Health Organization’s Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)5 for successful initiation of lactation as well as some special situations. Key words: breastfeeding, infant nutrition, human milk composition, breastfeeding advantages, lactation, lactation support, Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, skin to skin contact

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Trace Elements in Nutrition

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.16.9.352 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 352-352

Author(s):

Heena A. Shah

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Tissue Repair ◽

Zinc Concentration ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Nutritional Deficiencies ◽

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica ◽

Essential Trace Elements ◽

The World

Trace elements other than iron only recently have gained importance in infant nutrition. Zinc and copper are two of the most essential trace elements. Zinc is a constituent of more than 100 metalloenzymes and plays an important role in growth, reproduction, tissue repair, and cellular immunity. Copper is a component of several metalloenzymes and is required for oxidative metabolism. Nutritional deficiencies of zinc now are recognized as being fairly prevalent throughout the world. Symptomatic zinc deficiency among infants can be attributed to several factors. It can be secondary to low zinc concentration in breast milk, low stores (as in prematurity), malabsorption (as in acrodermatitis enteropathica), or absence or inadequate amount in parenteral nutrition.

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