EXPRESS: Distinct abilities associated with matching same identity faces vs. discriminating different faces: Evidence from individual differences in prosopagnosics and controls

2022 ◽  
pp. 174702182210768
Author(s):  
Amy Berger ◽  
Regan Fry ◽  
Anna Bobak ◽  
Angela Juliano ◽  
Joseph DeGutis
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Small Study ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Processing Ability ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Featural Processing

Previous face matching studies provide evidence that matching same identity faces (match trials) and discriminating different face identities (non-match trials) rely on distinct processes. For example, instructional studies geared towards improving face matching in applied settings have often found selective improvements in match or non-match trials only. Additionally, a small study found that developmental prosopagnosics (DPs) have specific deficits in making match but not non-match judgments. In the current study, we sought to replicate this finding in DPs and examine how individual differences across DPs and controls in match vs. non-match performance relate to featural vs. holistic processing abilities. 43 DPs and 27 controls matched face images shown from similar front views or with varied lighting or viewpoint. Participants also performed tasks measuring featural (eyes/mouth) and holistic processing (part-whole task). We found that DPs showed worse overall matching performance than controls and that their relative match vs. non-match deficit depended on image variation condition, indicating that DPs do not consistently show match- or non-match-specific deficits. When examining the association between holistic and featural processing abilities and match vs. non-match trials in the entire group of DPs and controls, we found a very clear dissociation: Match trials significantly correlated with eye processing ability (r=.48) but not holistic processing (r=.11), whereas non-match trials significantly correlated with holistic processing (r=.32) but not eye processing (r=.03). This suggests that matching same identity faces relies more on eye processing while discriminating different faces relies more on holistic processing.

scholarly journals Individual Differences Between Observers in Face Matching

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bate ◽  
Natalie Mestry ◽  
Emma Portch
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Real World ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tasks ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Current Terminology

Increasing evidence suggests vast individual differences in face matching performance in both lay perceivers and relevant professionals. However, the field is hampered by a paucity of psychometric-standard assessment tasks. This chapter reviews the current evidence supporting individual differences in face matching, in light of the reliability of the available tools. The potential underpinnings of these individual differences are reviewed, alongside the overlap between different continua of face-processing skills. Given so-called ‘super-recognisers’ may offer a powerful security tool in relevant settings, the identification and deployment of these individuals are critically discussed. In particular, the reliability and appropriateness of current terminology and assessment tools are considered, together with potential limitations in the performance of even the strongest face matchers. While the current conceptualisation of super-recognition can no doubt advance academic theory, this approach may not adequately identify the best individuals for real-world forensic face matching tasks.

scholarly journals The Oxford Face Matching Test: A Non-Biased Test of The Full Range of Individual Differences in Face Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Stantic ◽  
Rebecca Brewer ◽  
Brad Duchaine ◽  
Michael J. Banissy ◽  
Sarah Bate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Processing Abilities

Tests of face processing are typically designed to identify individuals performing outside of the typical range; either prosopagnosic individuals who exhibit poor face processing ability, or super recognisers, who have superior face processing abilities. Here we describe the development of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT), designed to identify individual differences in face processing across the full range of performance, from prosopagnosia, through the range of typical performance, to super recognisers. Such a test requires items of varying difficulty, but establishing difficulty is problematic when particular populations (e.g. prosopagnosics, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder) may use atypical strategies to process faces. If item difficulty is calibrated on neurotypical individuals, then the test may be poorly calibrated for atypical groups, and vice versa. To obtain items of varying difficulty we used facial recognition algorithms to obtain face pair similarity ratings that are not biased towards specific populations. These face pairs were used as stimuli in the OFMT, and participants required to judge if the face images depicted the same individual or different individuals. Across five studies the OFMT was shown to be sensitive to individual differences in the typical population, and in groups of both prosopagnosic individuals and super recognisers. The test-retest reliability of the task was at least equivalent to the Cambridge Face Memory Test and the Glasgow Face Matching Test. Furthermore, results reveal, at least at the group level, that both face perception and face memory are poor in those with prosopagnosia, and good in super recognisers.

scholarly journals The Oxford Face Matching Test: A non-biased test of the full range of individual differences in face perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Stantic ◽  
Rebecca Brewer ◽  
Bradley Duchaine ◽  
Michael J. Banissy ◽  
Sarah Bate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Processing Abilities

AbstractTests of face processing are typically designed to identify individuals performing outside of the typical range; either prosopagnosic individuals who exhibit poor face processing ability, or super recognisers, who have superior face processing abilities. Here we describe the development of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT), designed to identify individual differences in face processing across the full range of performance, from prosopagnosia, through the range of typical performance, to super recognisers. Such a test requires items of varying difficulty, but establishing difficulty is problematic when particular populations (e.g., prosopagnosics, individuals with autism spectrum disorder) may use atypical strategies to process faces. If item difficulty is calibrated on neurotypical individuals, then the test may be poorly calibrated for atypical groups, and vice versa. To obtain items of varying difficulty, we used facial recognition algorithms to obtain face pair similarity ratings that are not biased towards specific populations. These face pairs were used as stimuli in the OFMT, and participants were required to judge whether the face images depicted the same individual or different individuals. Across five studies the OFMT was shown to be sensitive to individual differences in the typical population, and in groups of both prosopagnosic individuals and super recognisers. The test-retest reliability of the task was at least equivalent to the Cambridge Face Memory Test and the Glasgow Face Matching Test. Furthermore, results reveal, at least at the group level, that both face perception and face memory are poor in those with prosopagnosia, and are good in super recognisers.

Knowing me, not knowing you – Configural and featural processing in face and flower matching by a developmental prosopagnosic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Tree
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Configural Processing ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Normal Flower ◽  
Featural Processing ◽  
Normal Controls

A series of experiments investigated the extent to which a developmentalprosopagnosic, A.A., was able to use configural and featural processing to recognise faces and objects (flowers). A.A. was presented with tasks in which either configural or featural processing was selectively disrupted, by scrambling or blurring. A.A.'s face- matching performance was impaired if faces were blurred to remove their featural details, but remained comparable to that of normal controls if the faces' configural properties were disrupted by stretching. This suggests he is unable to use configural processing to recognise faces, but remains able to recognise them from featural information - consistent with Collishaw and Hole's (2000) suggestion that there are two independent "routes" to face recognition. In contrast, A.A.'s performance with blurred flowers is comparable to that of normal flower experts. AA appears to have a face-specific impairment in using configural processing that does not extend to flower recognition.

scholarly journals Individual Differences Between Observers in Face Matching

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-143
Author(s):  
Sarah Bate ◽  
Natalie Mestry ◽  
Emma Portch
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Real World ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tasks ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Current Terminology

Increasing evidence suggests vast individual differences in face-matching performance in both lay perceivers and relevant professionals. However, the field is hampered by a paucity of psychometric-standard assessment tasks. This chapter reviews the current evidence supporting individual differences in face matching, in light of the reliability of the available tools. The potential underpinnings of these individual differences are reviewed, alongside the overlap between different continua of face-processing skills. Given that so-called super-recognizers may offer a powerful security tool in relevant settings, the identification and deployment of these individuals are critically discussed. In particular, the reliability and appropriateness of current terminology and assessment tools are considered, together with potential limitations in the performance of even the strongest face matchers. While the current conceptualization of super-recognition can no doubt advance academic theory, this approach may not adequately identify the best individuals for real-world forensic face-matching tasks.

scholarly journals Comparing human and deep convolutional neural network face-matching performance on disguised face images

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Eilidh Noyes ◽  
Connor Parde ◽  
Y. Colon ◽  
Matthew Hill ◽  
Carlos Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Performance

scholarly journals Image Variability and Face Matching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Diarmuid Gogan ◽  
Jennifer L Beaudry ◽  
Julian Oldmeadow
Keyword(s):  
Matching Task ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Image Variability ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces

This study investigates whether variability in perceived trait judgements disrupts our ability to match unfamiliar faces. In this preregistered study, 174 participants completed a face matching task where they were asked to indicate whether two face images belonged to the same person or different people (17,748 total data points). Participants completed 51 match trials consisting of images of the same person that differed substantially on one trait (either trustworthiness, dominance, or attractiveness) with minimal differences in the alternate traits. Participants also completed 51 mismatch trials which contained two photos of similar-looking individuals. We hypothesised that participants would make more errors on match trials when images differed in terms of attractiveness ratings than those that differed on trustworthiness or dominance. Contrary to expectations, images that differed in terms of attractiveness were matched most accurately, and there was no relationship between the extent of attractiveness differences and accuracy. There was some evidence that differences in perceived dominance and, to a lesser extent, trustworthiness was associated with lower face matching performance. However, these relationships were not significant when alternate traits were accounted for. The findings of our study suggest that face matching performance is largely robust against variation in trait judgements. fi

scholarly journals Human face matching performance is robust to task-irrelevant image changes

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 890-890
Author(s):  
D. Wilbraham ◽  
A. Martinez ◽  
J. Christensen ◽  
J. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Human Face ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Task Irrelevant

scholarly journals A grey area: How does image hue affect unfamiliar face matching?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K Bobak ◽  
Viktoria Roumenova Mileva ◽  
Peter Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Matching Task ◽  
Mixed Condition ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Unfamiliar Face Matching ◽  
Unfamiliar Face ◽  
Matching Performance ◽  
Small Decline ◽  
Clear Shift

The role of image colour in face identification has received little attention in research despite the importance of identifying people from photographs in identity documents (IDs). Here, in two experiments, we investigated whether colour congruency of two photographs shown side by side affects face matching accuracy. Participants were presented with two images from the Models Face Matching Test (Experiment 1) and a newly devised matching task incorporating female faces (Experiment 2) and asked to decide whether they show the same person, or two different people. The photographs were either both in colour, both in grayscale, or mixed (one in grayscale and one in colour). Participants were more likely to accept a pair of images as a “match”, i.e. same person, in the mixed condition, regardless of whether the identity of the pair was the same or not. This demonstrates a clear shift in bias between “congruent” colour conditions and the mixed trials. In addition, there was a small decline in accuracy in the mixed condition, relative to when the images were presented in colour. Our study provides the first evidence that the hue of document photographs matters for face matching performance. This finding has important implications for the design and regulation of photographic ID worldwide.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Holistic Processing Predict the Own-Race Advantage in Recognition Memory

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. e58253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph DeGutis ◽  
Rogelio J. Mercado ◽  
Jeremy Wilmer ◽  
Andrew Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Holistic Processing
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