Graffiti as an example of a new kind of objects for handwritten expertise. Styles and variants

In this article one can find examples of the analytical work based on a current terminology of a word “graffiti”, that can be found in scientific research works on this phenomenon in the fields of sociology, psychology, art and law. Current classifications of this notion are analyzed taking into account the content of these objects, their attitude to a graffiti community and a certain author, motivation and outward. Analysis considers materials and tools used for a certain object implementation. These writing tools in some cases determine the type of graffiti. The main objective of this analysis was the need to identify certain classified objects the ones that might be necessary for a handwriting expertise and to determine of the relations between the notions of “graffiti” and “handwritten objects made with the use of unconventional writing materials”. During the analysis, a number of characteristics that can be used as a support for conducting handwritten expertise of considered object were defined and conclusions for those graffiti objects that meet these criteria were drawn.

Masson’s Tumour - Case Report of a Malignant Masquerader with Literature Review

Masson’s tumour, an uncommon, benign vascular disorder was first described by Pierre Masson in 1923 as an intravascular papillary proliferation that emerged from an inflamed hemorrhoidal vein of a 68-year-old man and termed it as “Hemangioendotheliome vegetant intravasculaire”.1 He interpreted the lesion as a form of neoplasm, however, Henschen portrayed it as a reactive phenomenon. The current terminology intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) was put forward by Clearkin and Enzinger in 1976 considering it as a reactive change occurring secondary to trauma-related vascular stasis.2 The tumour constitutes 2-4 % of all skin and soft tissue tumours. The common locations are head, neck and extremities.3 Masson’s tumour being a benign entity with an excellent prognosis is essential to differentiate from its closer mimic, angiosarcoma which needs aggressive treatment. This case is put up here because of its rarity and its clinical implications.

Hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in ischemic stroke

A number of studies have demonstrated a high incidence of sleep disturbances in patients with stroke. The paper reviews the variants of wakefulness disorders observed in ischemic stroke, taking into account the current terminology, as well as methods for their diagnosis. Currently, the origin of post-stroke hypersomnolence and its pathophysiology remain debatable. Various mechanisms including orexin ligand deficiency, degeneration of orexin neurons, as well as disruption of the links between the histaminergic and orexinergic systems are considered as links in the pathogenesis of hypersomnolence caused by ischemic stroke. The paper discusses the pathophysiology of hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with ischemic stroke, demonstrates various points of view on the relationship of these pathological phenomena with ischemic stroke. A hypothesis on the compensatory nature of hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in acute ischemic stroke and their possible neuroprotective effect on the brain in patients with stroke is presented.

The anatomy of ‘fake news’: Studying false messages as digital objects

Public concern about ‘fake news’ skyrocketed following the 2016 US presidential election and the Brexit referendum, and has only intensified since then. A burgeoning body of research on the topic is emerging, and conceptual clarity is vital for this research to converge into a cumulative body of knowledge; the purpose of this article is to underline and address some of the conceptual clutter and ambiguities around the concept of fake news and situate it within its social context. To do so, we first discuss the problems with current terminology and conceptualisation, and then draw on recent developments on the ontology of digital objects and their attributes to shift the focus from fake news to false messages, a type of syntactic digital objects comprised of content and structure and characterised by attributes of editability, openness, interactivity, and distributedness. Then we expand this concept further by placing it within a network of actors and digital objects. Our analysis uncovers several areas of research that have been overlooked in the study of fake news.

“Transition” to Schizophrenia or Fluctuations within the Same Disorder?

<b><i>Background:</i></b> To prevent or delay the onset of psychotic disorders or ameliorate their course, prodromal research has strived to identify and treat individuals at risk of developing psychosis. While this approach is laudable, it is, however, not entirely unproblematic from clinical and conceptual perspectives. For example, it remains unclear how we are to understand the development from a nonpsychotic, distressing condition such as schizotypal disorder to a psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia? The current terminology on the subject implies either a nonlinear jump (“conversion”) or a more linear progression (“transition”) from one disorder to another. To enrich our understanding of such diagnostic shifts, we examined the psychopathological pictures of patients who “transitioned” from schizotypal disorder to schizophrenia. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> From a larger study on psychopathology, we examined 40 patients who were diagnosed with schizotypal disorder at baseline. At 5-year follow-up, 30 patients maintained the diagnosis of schizotypal disorder, while 10 were re-diagnosed with schizophrenia. We examined detailed descriptions of the 10 patients who progressed to schizophrenia, comparing psychopathology and level of functioning. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The level of functioning decreased slightly from baseline to follow-up in 9 out of 10 patients. Eight patients had previously had micro-psychotic or psychotic experiences. All patients had self-disorders at baseline, and several patients had perceptual disorders. Nine patients had formal thought disorders at baseline. The progression is illustrated by 2 cases. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In this small study, we did not find any striking changes in any of the patients, neither in terms of psychopathological manifestations nor in terms of their level of functioning. Thus, rather than witnessing a genuine “conversion” or “transition” from schizotypal disorder to schizophrenia, we observed dimensional fluctuations within the same condition.

Defining “elite” status in sport: from chaos to clarity

The past two decades have seen a rapid rise in attention towards talent identification, athlete development and skill acquisition. However, there are important limitations to the evidentiary foundations of this field of research. For instance, variability in describing the performance levels of individuals has made it challenging to draw inferences about inter- and intrapopulation differences. More specifically, recent reviews on high performers in sport have noted considerable variation in how terms such as “elite” are used. This may be particularly concerning for researchers in high-performance disciplines, since they regularly struggle with small sample sizes and rely on research synthesis approaches (i.e. meta-analyses and systematic reviews) to inform evidence-based decisions. In this discussion piece, we (a) highlight issues with the application of current terminology, (b) discuss challenges in conceptualizing an improved framework and (c) provide several recommendations for researchers and practitioners working in this area.

The integrated short peripheral cannula: A new peripheral venous access device?

Short peripheral intravenous cannulas have different features, as they may be winged or non-winged, ported or non-ported, equipped or not with needle stick prevention and “blood stop” mechanisms, and integrated or not with preassembled extensions or preassembled needle free connector. In the current range of commercially available short peripheral cannulas, there is one device that is apparently associated with several clinical advantages. In fact, short peripheral cannulas with safety mechanisms, closed system, winged, non-ported, and equipped with preassembled extension and preassembled needle-free connector appear to be associated with prolonged dwell time, reduction of the incidence of several complications (infiltration/extravasation, dislodgement, phlebitis, infection, blood leakage), cost reduction, and increased satisfaction of patients and clinicians. To clarify the current terminology and to identify this device for future clinical studies, the authors advocate the use of the term “integrated short peripheral cannula.” A rapid review of the current evidence suggests that this new device may have different clinical performance and different indications if compared to standard short peripheral cannulas. Though, the optimal clinical outcome can be achieved only when the device is inserted and maintained with proper protocols.

Current terminology of chronic pain

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is a common problem that exerts a significant impact on individuals and society as a whole. Pain syndrome is one of the most common explanations for patients need for medical care, and it causes major suffering in humans. Thus far, chronic pain lacks a generally accepted terminology and classification. The review aimed to present the current terminology and classification of chronic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two independent researchers searched for publications for the period of January 2010 to October 2020 in the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and the International Association for the Study of Pain. The last search query was performed on October 25, 2020. The search identified 423 studies, and 397 of them were excluded because they described the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic pain syndromes. The remaining 26 publications formed the basis of this review. RESULTS: The review presents the current terminology and classification of chronic pain, which is defined as pain that lasts for 3 months or more after the underlying pathology is cured. The work presents the description of terms such as chronic primary pain, chronic secondary pain, cancer-associated chronic pain, chronic postoperative or post-traumatic pain, chronic neuropathic pain, chronic secondary cephalgia or orofacial pain, chronic secondary visceral pain, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain. Additional characteristics of chronic pain, including the intensity of pain, the severity of suffering, and physical dysfunction, are also given. CONCLUSION: The presented modern terminology and classification of chronic pain will contribute not only to the correct formulation of diagnosis established in a patient with chronic pain but also to the implementation of multimodal analgesia, epidemiological studies and, ultimately, the choice of proper strategy for addressing chronic pain by healthcare organizers. The result is also expected to lead to adequate funding for resolving this intricate problem.

Management of Patients when Superficial Venous Disease Arises from Pelvic Escape Points

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common condition in women that carries with it significant morbidity. It is commonly seen in patients presenting to obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic visits. CPP is a presenting symptom of various pathologies including pelvic varicocele, pelvic adhesions, spastic colon syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and psychosomatic disorders. Pelvic congestion syndrome has more recently been termed “pelvic venous insufficiency (PVI)” due to the underlying retrograde flow through incompetent ovarian and pelvic veins that are thought to cause the symptoms of CPP. Pelvic varices can commonly present alongside vulvar, perineal, and lower extremity varices. There are some predictable “escape pathways” for these varices that may present for interventional treatment. This article introduces the reader to current terminology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with pelvic varices due to PVI.

Increasing consensus on terminology of Achilles tendon-related disorders

Purpose Aims of this study are to evaluate the current terminology and assess the influence of the latest proposals on the terminology used for Achilles tendon-related disorders in both daily practice and literature. Methods (1) All orthopedic surgeons experienced in the field of foot and ankle surgery of the Ankleplatform Study Group were invited to participate in this survey by email. They were requested to fill out a survey on terminology in six typical cases with Achilles tendon-related disorders. (2) A systematic literature search of Achilles tendon-related disorders was performed in eight foot and ankle journals in Medline, Embase (Classic) from 2000 to 2016. All extracted terms were counted and compared to the terminology proposals, based on anatomic location, symptoms, clinical findings and histopathology. Results (1) In total, 141 of the 283 (50%) orthopedic surgeons responded to the survey. In five out of six cases with Achilles tendon-related disorders, the majority gave an answer according to latest proposals. (2) An overview of terminology used for Achilles tendon-related disorders from 2000 to 2016 shows an increase in use of terminology according to the latest proposals based on anatomic location, symptoms, clinical findings and histopathology. Conclusion The revised terminology for Achilles tendon-related disorders based on anatomic location, symptoms, clinical findings and histopathology is used by the majority of orthopedic surgeons and is increasingly used in the literature. However, the indistinct Haglund eponyms are still frequently used in Achilles tendon-related terminology. Level of evidence Level IV.