Relationship between blood Lead status and anemia in Ugandan children with malaria infection

Abstract Background In Uganda, childhood anemia remains a health challenge and is associated with malaria infection as well as iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is intertwined with nutritional status, age and other comorbidities including helminths and Lead toxicity. Environmental Lead levels accounts for one’s blood Lead (BL) levels. Blood Lead competitively blocks iron absorption, inhibits hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis and elevates free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels. Lead toxicity’s contribution towards anemia pathogenesis, especially during malaria infection has not been studied. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and Lead pollution, exacerbates the anemia status. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children aged under 5years who are exposed to both malaria infection and environmental Lead pollution. Methods Briefly, venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density (PD), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations using the cyanmethemoglobin method, while BL and FEP levels were determined by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods respectively. Results One hundred and fifty-one (76.3%) of the children analyzed had moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) with Means of BLL=8.6 µg/dL, Hb =7.5 g/dL, FEP/Hb =8.3 µg/g and PD =3.21×103 parasites / µL, while eight (4%) were severely anemic (<5 g/dL). Regression analysis and statistical correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001) was negative and weak as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001). Conclusion Based on the study’s findings, we conclude that BL significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia and therefore its co-existence with malaria infection in the host exacerbates the anemia status.

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Relationship between blood Lead status and anemia in Ugandan children with malaria infection

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52787/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ambrose K Mukisa ◽

Denis M Kasozi ◽

Claire Aguttu ◽

Peter C. Vuzi ◽

Joseph Kyambadde

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Lead Toxicity ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Statistical Correlation ◽

P Value ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Moderate Anemia

Abstract BackgroundIn Uganda, childhood anemia remains a health challenge and is associated with malaria infection as well as iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is intertwined with nutritional status, age and other comorbidities including helminths and Lead toxicity. Environmental Lead levels accounts for one’s blood Lead (BL) levels. Blood Lead competitively blocks iron absorption, inhibits hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis and elevates free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels. Lead toxicity’s contribution towards anemia pathogenesis, especially during malaria infection has not been studied. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and Lead pollution, exacerbates the anemia status. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children aged under 5years who are exposed to both malaria infection and environmental Lead pollution.MethodsBriefly, venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density (PD), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations using the cyanmethemoglobin method, while BL and FEP levels were determined by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods respectively.ResultsOne hundred and fifty-one (76.3%) of the children analyzed had moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) with Means of BLL=8.6 µg/dL, Hb =7.5 g/dL, FEP/Hb =8.3 µg/g and PD =3.21×103 parasites / µL, while eight (4%) were severely anemic (<5 g/dL). Regression analysis and statistical correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001) was negative and weak as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001).ConclusionBased on the study’s findings, we conclude that BL significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia and therefore its co-existence with malaria infection in the host exacerbates the anemia status.Trial registration Not applicable

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Relationship between blood Lead status and anemia in Ugandan children with malaria infection

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52787/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ambrose K Mukisa ◽

Denis M Kasozi ◽

Claire Aguttu ◽

Peter C. Vuzi ◽

Joseph Kyambadde

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Lead Toxicity ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Statistical Correlation ◽

P Value ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Moderate Anemia

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Blood Lead alters the anemia status of malaria infected children in Katanga Kampala Uganda.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52787/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ambrose K Mukisa ◽

Denis M Kasozi ◽

Claire Aguttu ◽

Peter C. Vuzi ◽

Joseph Kyambadde

Keyword(s):

Parasite Density ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Aminolevulinic Acid ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Iron Bioavailability ◽

P Value ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Lead Levels

Abstract Background Uganda, like other malaria endemic countries, childhood anemia due to malaria infection, malnutrition and social disadvantages remains a health challenge. Other contributing factors towards the pathogenesis of this disease like blood lead have not been fully explored. Persistent lead exposure accounts for one’s blood lead levels and other many health outcomes. Recent studies report elevated environmental lead levels in urban Uganda with anthropogenic activities including leaded paints, leaded fuels spillages, lead-contaminated air, water and soils listed as major sources. Blood lead (BL) alters iron bioavailability by competitively blocking iron absorption hence anemia. BL inhibits key enzymes ferrochelatase and aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) involved in hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis resulting into elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP). Children in this area are generally anemic due chronic exposure to malaria parasites that thrive on their red blood cells for survival. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and lead pollution, exerbates the anemia status of these children. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children simultaneously living exposed to both malaria infection and environmental lead pollution. Methods Briefly venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density, hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations by the cyanmethemoglobin method, BL levels by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric method and FEP levels by the standard fluorimetric method. Results A total of 151/198 (76.3%) children were analyzed with moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) while 8/198 (4%) had severe anemia (<5 g/dL). They had means of BL levels (9.3 µg/dL), Hb (7.5 g/dL), FEP/Hb (8.3 µg/g) and parasite density (PD) (3.21×103 parasites / µL). There was weak negative correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001), as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001). Conclusion Basing on this study’s findings, we conclude that BL is a significant contributor to anemia pathogenesis and therefore its co-existence with plasmodium malaria infection in the host exerbates the anemia status.Trial registration Not applicable

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Blood Lead Alters The Anemia Status of Malaria Infected Children in Katanga Kampala Uganda.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38600/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ambrose K Mukisa ◽

Denis M Kasozi ◽

Claire Aguttu ◽

Peter C. Vuzi ◽

Joseph Kyambadde

Keyword(s):

Parasite Density ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Aminolevulinic Acid ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Iron Bioavailability ◽

P Value ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Lead Levels

Abstract Background: Uganda, like other malaria endemic countries, childhood anemia due to malaria infection, malnutrition and social disadvantages remains a health challenge. Other contributing factors towards the pathogenesis of this disease like blood lead have not been fully explored. Persistent lead exposure accounts for one’s blood lead levels and other many health outcomes. Recent studies report elevated environmental lead levels in urban Uganda with anthropogenic activities including leaded paints, leaded fuels spillages, lead-contaminated air, water and soils listed as major sources. Blood lead (BL) alters iron bioavailability by competitively blocking iron absorption hence anemia. BL inhibits key enzymes ferrochelatase and aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) involved in hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis resulting into elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP). Children in this area are generally anemic due chronic exposure to malaria parasites that thrive on their red blood cells for survival. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and lead pollution, exerbates the anemia status of these children. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children simultaneously living exposed to both malaria infection and environmental lead pollution. Methods: Briefly venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density, hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations by the cyanmethemoglobin method, BL levels by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric method and FEP levels by the standard fluorimetric method. Results: A total of 151/198 (76.3%) children were analyzed with moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) while 8/198 (4%) had severe anemia (<5 g/dL). They had means of BL levels (9.3 µg/dL), Hb (7.5 g/dL), FEP/Hb (8.3 µg/g) and parasite density (PD) (3.21×103 parasites / µL). There was weak negative correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001), as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001). Conclusion: Basing on this study’s findings, we conclude that BL is a significant contributor to anemia pathogenesis and therefore its co-existence with plasmodium malaria infection in the host exerbates the anemia status.Trial registration: Not applicable

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An Intra-Erythrocytic Low Molecular Weight Lead-Binding Protein in Acute and Chronic Lead Exposure and its Possible Protective Role in Lead Toxicity

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456328802500616 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 688-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Yvette Lolin ◽

Patrick O'Gorman

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Lead Toxicity ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Protective Role ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Molecular Weight Protein ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Weight Protein ◽

Low Molecular Weight Protein

A low-molecular-weight protein was measured in erythrocytes from workers with chronic and recent lead exposure, with and without clinical lead toxicity, and from a group of control subjects not exposed to undue environmental lead. The protein was detected in all the workers, but in significantly smaller amounts in those with symptoms, and was absent from controls. The synthesis of the protein is induced at blood lead concentrations above 1·9 μmol/L, but is reduced in workers susceptible to clinical lead toxicity at blood lead concentrations below 4·0 μmol/L. The activity of the red blood cell dithiothreitol (DTT)—activated 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) was correlated with the concentration of the low-molecular-weight protein, with both being particularly low in the symptomatic workers. Previous studies have shown that the protein binds lead. By sequestrating excess lead into a non-toxic form, the protein may have a protective role in preventing clinical, and reducing biochemical, lead toxicity.

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Effects of Environmental Lead Pollution, Smoking, and Smokeless Tobacco (Maras Powder) Use on Blood Lead Level

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-007-0066-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 120 (1-3) ◽

pp. 121-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mustafa Celik ◽

Hasan Cetin Ekerbicer ◽

Ufuk Guney Ergun ◽

Metin Kilinc

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Maras Powder

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Environmental Lead Pollution and Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children in a Rural Area of China

American Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2105/ajph.2010.193656 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 834-841 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Sihao Lin ◽

Xiaorong Wang ◽

Ignatius Tak Sun Yu ◽

Wenjuan Tang ◽

Jianying Miao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Elevated Blood ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Lead Levels ◽

Elevated Blood Lead Levels

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Blood Lead Influences the Anemia Status of Malaria-Infected Children in Katanga Kampala Uganda

10.20944/preprints201907.0355.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ambrose Mukisa ◽

Denis Kasozi ◽

Claire Aguttu ◽

Peter C. Vuzi ◽

Florence Nantaba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aminolevulinic Acid ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Blood Lead ◽

P Value ◽

Study Group ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Group A ◽

Low Levels

Lead pollutants mainly from urban agricultural practices, Leaded paints, Leaded fuels spillages, Lead-contaminated air, soils, and water sources pause a health threat to urban children in Uganda. Prolonged Lead exposure affects iron metabolism, by competitively blocking iron absorption leading to anemia. Blood Lead (BL) inhibits key enzymes ferrochelatase and aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) involved in hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis even at very low levels. Lead poisoning and malaria infection geographically overlap, and both produce similar hematological outcome especially in children. Malaria parasites cause anemia by destroying parasitized red blood cells, therefore, co-existence of BL and malaria parasites infection worsens the anemia status of the host. This study aimed at expounding the extent of heme synthesis inhibition by BL levels among a study group of malaria positive children by measuring levels of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) in blood samples. Briefly venous blood samples from 198 children were analyzed for malaria parasite densities by the thick smear method, hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations determined by the standard cyan methemoglobin method, BLL were analyzed on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and FEP levels were fluorometrically measured. The results showed means of BLL (9.3 µg/dL), Hb (7.5 g/dL), FEP/Hb (8.3 µg/g) and parasite density (PD) (3.21×103 parasites / µL) among the study group. A majority of 151/198 (76.3%) of the children were moderately anemic while 8/198 (4%) were severely anemic. There was weak correlation between PD and Hb (R²= -0.15, P-value < 0.001), as compared to one between FEP/Hb and Hb (R²= -0.6, P-value=0.001). The study concludes that BL is a significant contributor to malaria anemia and should be considered in the management of anemia in malaria-endemic areas.

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Blood lead level as biomarker of environmental lead pollution in feral and cultured African catfish (Clarias gariepinus )

Nigerian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/nvj.v31i2.68957 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

OK Adeyemo ◽

OB Adedeji ◽

CC Offor

Keyword(s):

Blood Lead Level ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

African Catfish ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead

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Blood Lead Level of Children and its Trend in Mitrovica, Kosova

Journal of Child Science ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1693515 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 (01) ◽

pp. e84-e89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Driton Shabani ◽

Ardiana Murtezani ◽

Bernard Tahirbegolli ◽

Adnan Bozalija ◽

Edita Alili-Idrizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ◽

Lead Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Stripping Voltammetry ◽

Lead Pollution ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Pollution Problem ◽

Lead Levels

AbstractEnvironmental exposure to lead is considered to be one of the most important hazards to the health of children. Most commonly exposed are those who are poor and live in developing countries. The environmental lead pollution problem in the Roma Mahala neighborhood of Mitrovica was discovered through the appearance of high blood lead levels (BLLs) in children living there. The aim of our study was to investigate the BLLs in children according to gender, age, and area of residence. This study describes the results from a 7-year retrospective study (January 2010–April 2017) based on BLLs conducted on children aged 0 to 13 years living in all three districts of Mitrovica. The survey included 331 children. Blood lead analysis was performed in the laboratory using capillary and venipuncture samples tested by anodic stripping voltammetry using LeadCare II machines. Mean BLLs were the highest in the Roma Mahala with 23.6 mg/dL (standard deviation ± 15.9 µg/dL). We obtained a statistical significance (p < 0.0001) between BLLs according to the settlements. The mean BLLs was higher in the 3 to 4 years aged children group in comparison with other age groups (p = 0.009). In none of the age groups with the Mann–Whitney test we obtained a significant gender difference on BLL (p > 0.05). Lead poisoning levels continue to be a serious problem among children living in Mitrovica over the past several years due to heavy lead pollution. All children from this region should receive environmental evaluations and medical examinations.

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