A global analysis of National Malaria Control Programme vector surveillance by elimination and control status in 2018

Abstract Background Maintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides. Methods Country metadata on vector surveillance and control activities was collected using an online survey by National Malaria Control Programmes or partner organization officials. Country and regional surveillance activities were analysed for alignment with indicators for priority vector surveillance objectives recommended by the World Health Organization. Surveillance activities were also compared for countries in the E2020 (eliminating countries) and countries with more intense transmission. Results Significant differences in monitoring priority vector indicators between Africa and Asia-Pacific country programmes were found as well as differences between countries approaching elimination and those controlling malaria. Gaps were found between vector data collected and country management strategies (i.e., for insecticide resistance management and integrated vector control strategies) and for making programmatic decisions on surveillance and control using vector surveillance data. Conclusions Significant opportunities exist for increasing vector data collection on priority indicators and using these data for national programmatic decisions for both proactive insecticide resistance management and enhancing vector control.

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Mapping insecticide resistance in mosquitoes to aid malaria control

10.1101/2020.04.01.20049593 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Catherine L. Moyes ◽

Duncan Kobia Athinya ◽

Tara Seethaler ◽

Katherine Battle ◽

Marianne Sinka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Malaria Control ◽

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

World Health ◽

Malaria Vector Control ◽

Metabolic Resistance ◽

Insecticide Resistance Management ◽

Health Organization

AbstractMalaria vector control may be compromised by resistance to insecticides in vector populations. Actions to mitigate against resistance rely on surveillance using standard susceptibility tests, but there are large gaps in the monitoring data. Using a published geostatistical ensemble model, we have generated maps that bridge these gaps and consider the likelihood that resistance exceeds recommended thresholds. Our results show that this model provides more accurate next-year predictions than two simpler approaches. We have used the model to generate district-level maps for the probability that pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for susceptibility and confirmed resistance. In addition, we have mapped the three criteria for the deployment of piperonyl butoxide-treated nets that mitigate against the effects of metabolic resistance to pyrethroids. This includes a critical review of the evidence for presence of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic resistance mechanisms across Africa. The maps for pyrethroid resistance are available on the IR Mapper website where they can be viewed alongside the latest survey data.Significance StatementMalaria control in Africa largely relies on the use of insecticides to prevent mosquitoes from transmitting the malaria parasite to humans, however, these mosquitoes have evolved resistance to these insecticides. To manage this threat to malaria control, it is vital that we map locations where the prevalence of resistance exceeds thresholds defined by insecticide resistance management plans. A geospatial model and data from Africa are used to predict locations where thresholds of resistance linked to specific recommended actions are exceeded. This model is shown to provide more accurate next-year predictions than two simpler approaches. The model is used to generate maps that aid insecticide resistance management planning and that allow targeted deployment of interventions that counter specific mechanisms of resistance.

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ResistanceSim: development and acceptability study of a serious game to improve understanding of insecticide resistance management in vector control programmes

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-018-2572-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edward K. Thomsen ◽

Charlotte Hemingway ◽

Andy South ◽

Kirsten A. Duda ◽

Claire Dormann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Vector Control ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Serious Game ◽

Insecticide Resistance Management ◽

Control Programmes

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Nextgen Vector Surveillance Tools: sensitive, specific, cost-effective and epidemiologically relevant

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-020-03494-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Robert Farlow ◽

Tanya L. Russell ◽

Thomas R. Burkot

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Vector Control ◽

Malaria Control ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Effective Control ◽

Next Generation ◽

Vector Data ◽

Vector Surveillance ◽

Current Vector ◽

Control Programmes

Abstract Background Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programmes remain effective and responsive to any threats to a successful control and elimination programme. The quality and quantity of data collected is dependent on the sampling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, or to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured. Algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours are also needed for collecting and interpreting vector data. Results The available tools for sampling and analysing vectors are often hampered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools. Conclusions More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control. Understanding the vectors’ behaviours will allow interventions to be deployed that target vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPs for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The draft TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of present surveillance methods and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.

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Phenotypic effects of concomitant insensitive acetylcholinesterase ( ace-1 R ) and knockdown resistance ( kdr R ) in Anopheles gambiae : a hindrance for insecticide resistance management for malaria vector control

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/preaccept-9481109961383913 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 548

Author(s):

Benoît S Assogba ◽

Luc S Djogbénou ◽

Jacques Saizonou ◽

Pascal Milesi ◽

Laurette Djossou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Vector Control ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Malaria Vector ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Malaria Vector Control ◽

Knockdown Resistance ◽

Insecticide Resistance Management

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Underpinning Sustainable Vector Control through Informed Insecticide Resistance Management

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0099822 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. e99822 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Edward K. Thomsen ◽

Clare Strode ◽

Kay Hemmings ◽

Angela J. Hughes ◽

Emmanuel Chanda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Vector Control ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Insecticide Resistance Management

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Nextgen Vector Surveillance Tools: Sensitive, Specific, Cost-effective and Epidemiologically Relevant

10.21203/rs.3.rs-62921/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Farlow ◽

Tanya Russell ◽

Tom Burkot

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Vector Control ◽

Malaria Control ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Effective Control ◽

Next Generation ◽

Vector Data ◽

Vector Surveillance ◽

Control Programs ◽

Current Vector

Abstract Background Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programs remain effective and responsive to any threats to effectiveness. The quality and quantity of is dependent on the sampling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured, algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours critical for collecting and interpreting vector data. Results. The available tools for sampling and analysing vectors are often hampered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions vector. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of our present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools.Conclusions. More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control by better enabling intervention to be selected that align with vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPS for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of our present surveillance methods, and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.

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Nextgen Vector Surveillance Tools: sensitive, specific, cost-effective and epidemiologically relevant

10.21203/rs.3.rs-62921/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Farlow ◽

Tanya L Russell ◽

Thomas R Burkot

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Vector Control ◽

Malaria Control ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Effective Control ◽

Next Generation ◽

Vector Data ◽

Vector Surveillance ◽

Control Programs ◽

Current Vector

Abstract Background Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programs remain effective and responsive to any threats to a successful control and elimination program. The quality and quantity of data collected is dependent on the sampling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, or to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured. Algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours are also needed for collecting and interpreting vector data. Results. The available tools for sampling and analysing vectors are often hampered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions vector. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of our present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools.Conclusions. More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control. Understanding the vectors’ behaviours will allow interventions to be deployed that target vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPS for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The draft TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of our present surveillance methods and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.

Download Full-text