The “Great Debate” at Immunotherapy Bridge 2020, December 3rd, 2020

AbstractAs part of the 2020 Immunotherapy Bridge virtual congress (December 2nd–3rd, Italy), the Great Debate session featured counterpoint views from leading experts on three clinical questions in immunotherapy today. The first of these was whether antitumoral vaccination is still a treatment option. The second topic debated whether anti-programmed death (PD)-1/PD-ligand (L)1 blockade should be the backbone for immunotherapy combination. Finally, the use of innovative study designs and surrogate endpoints was considered from both an academic and industry perspective. For each topic, two experts presented the argument and counter-argument in support of two different points of view. As with previous Bridge congresses, the debates were assigned by meeting Chairs and positions taken by experts during the debates may not have necessarily reflected their respective personal view. The views summarised in this article are based on available evidence but may reflect personal interpretation of these data, clinical experience and subjective opinion of the speaker.

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50 Imaging Studies Every Doctor Should Know

10.1093/med/9780190223700.001.0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Michael E. Hochman

Keyword(s):

Medical Imaging ◽

Imaging Study ◽

Clinical Scenario ◽

Physician Specialty ◽

Imaging Studies ◽

Relevant Context ◽

Clinical Questions ◽

Abdominal And Pelvic Pain ◽

Patient Radiation Exposure ◽

Study Designs

This book, 50 Imaging Studies Every Doctor Should Know, provides succinct synopses of the 50 most important medical imaging studies that every doctor should know. For almost every physician specialty, imaging examinations play a central role in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment management of diseases. The appropriate use of medical imaging requires a baseline understanding of the literature we use to decide whether or not a specific imaging study would be helpful in a specific clinical scenario. These summaries therefore cover the evidence-based practice of radiology by outlining the vital clinical questions, study designs and methods, results, and clinical implications that every physician ordering and interpreting imaging examinations should be able to reference. Each chapter summarizes the most salient features of key studies, provides a clinical scenario to provide relevant context, and a relevant imaging example. Topics covered include imaging examinations for headache, back pain, chest pain, musculoskeletal and joint pain, abdominal and pelvic pain, and cancer screening and management, as well as issues of patient radiation exposure.

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PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in pulmonary carcinoid tumors and their association to tumor spread

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-19-0308 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 1168-1175 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tiina Vesterinen ◽

Teijo Kuopio ◽

Maarit Ahtiainen ◽

Aija Knuuttila ◽

Harri Mustonen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Option ◽

Metastatic Disease ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Metastatic Potential ◽

Typical Carcinoid ◽

Tumor Spread ◽

Pulmonary Carcinoid ◽

Programmed Death

Pulmonary carcinoid (PC) tumors are rare tumors that account for approximately 1% of all lung cancers. The primary treatment option is surgery, while there is no standard treatment for metastatic disease. As the number of PCs diagnosed yearly is increasing, there is a need to establish novel therapeutic options. This study aimed to investigate programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in PC tumors since blocking of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is a promising therapeutic option in various other malignancies. A total of 168 PC patients treated between 1990 and 2013 were collected from the Finnish biobanks. After re-evaluation of the tumors, 131 (78%) were classified as typical carcinoid (TC) and 37 (22%) as atypical carcinoid (AC) tumors. Primary tumor samples were immunohistochemically labeled for PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8. High PD-1 expression was detected in 16% of the tumors. PD-L1 expression was detected in 7% of TC tumors; all AC tumors were PD-L1 negative. PD-L1 expression was associated with mediastinal lymph-node metastasis at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.021) as well as overall metastatic potential of the tumor (P = 0.010). Neither PD-1 expression, PD-L1 expression nor CD8+ T cell density was associated with survival. In conclusion, PD-1 and PD-L1 were expressed in a small proportion of PC tumors and PD-L1 expression was associated with metastatic disease. Targeting of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with immune checkpoint inhibitors may thus offer a treatment option for a subset of PC patients.

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Foreword

The Descent ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781906733711.003.0001 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 7-8

Author(s):

Stephen Thrower

Keyword(s):

Film Theory ◽

Close Reading ◽

Branching Points ◽

The Subject ◽

Points Of View ◽

Counter Argument ◽

Primary Index

James Marriott’s close reading of Neil Marshall’s The Descent is a gem of accessible psychoanalytic film theory. Speaking as a reader of many texts on horror, it seems to me that psychoanalytical writing on the subject can often stray into aridity, dissertation-speak, convoluted argument and counter-argument and, worst of all, the dogmatic assertion of psychoanalysis as the primary index of truth. This book, however, is meticulous, open-minded and immensely readable. What distinguishes it is Marriott’s clarity of engagement and his readiness to acknowledge branching points of view. There is no need to worry here about abstruse jargon, or the tendency – endemic for a while in psychoanalytic treatises on horror – to neglect the film under discussion in favour of plucking at some ingrown Freudian hair....

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Multidisciplinary Teams: A Personal View

Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists ◽

10.1192/s0140078900013687 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 89-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philip H. Connell

Keyword(s):

Multidisciplinary Teams ◽

Personal View ◽

Points Of View

The contributions to the BMJ on multidisciplinary teams, the editorial and subsequent correspondence have raised and ventilated, sometimes with heat and sometimes inaccurately, many different issues and points of view concerning the ways in which different professional persons work (or don't work) together.

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High Resolution Specimen Area Imaged Under Negligible Field Aberrations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069697 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 540-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Yanaka ◽

K. Shirota

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Field Distribution ◽

Image Space ◽

Beam Deflection ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Resolution Limit ◽

Leakage Flux ◽

Specimen Area ◽

Points Of View ◽

Aberration Theory

It is significant to note field aberrations (chromatic field aberration, coma, astigmatism and blurring due to curvature of field, defined by Glaser's aberration theory relative to the Blenden Freien System) of the objective lens in connection with the following three points of view; field aberrations increase as the resolution of the axial point improves by increasing the lens excitation (k2) and decreasing the half width value (d) of the axial lens field distribution; when one or all of the imaging lenses have axial imperfections such as beam deflection in image space by the asymmetrical magnetic leakage flux, the apparent axial point has field aberrations which prevent the theoretical resolution limit from being obtained.

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Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010011218x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 428-429

Author(s):

L.R. Wallenberg ◽

J.-O. Bovin ◽

G. Schmid

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Close Packing ◽

Gold Clusters ◽

Molecular Weight Determination ◽

Growth Mechanisms ◽

Starting Point ◽

Different Types ◽

Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽

Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

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