scholarly journals Explanatory models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among Afghan refugees in Norway

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dixie Brea Larios ◽  
Gro Mjeldheim Sandal ◽  
Eugene Guribye ◽  
Valeria Markova ◽  
David Lackland Sam
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Total N ◽  
Afghan Refugees ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Post Traumatic

Abstract Background The current situation in Afghanistan makes it likely that we are facing a new wave of Afghan refugees, warranting more knowledge about how to deal with mental health problems among them. This study aims to gain more knowledge on Explanatory Models (EM) of depression and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) among Afghan refugees resettled in Norway. Methods We conducted six gender-separated, semi-structured focusgroup interviews based on vignettes with Afghan refugees (total N = 27). The vignettes described a fictional character with symptoms of either depression or PTSD symptoms in line with DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria. Results The findings showed that EM varied with gender, age, generation, and migration stories. Participants suggested different potential causes, risk factors, and ways of managing symptoms of depression and PTSD depending on the context (e.g., in Norway vs. Afghanistan). In describing the causes of the depression/PTSD in the vignettes, females tended to emphasize domestic problems and gender issues while males focused more on acculturation challenges. The younger males discussed mostly traumatic experiences before and during flight as possible causes. Conclusion The practice of condensing a single set of EMs within a group may not only be analytically challenging in a time-pressed clinical setting but also misleading. Rather, we advocate asking empathic questions and roughly mapping individual refugee patients’ perceptions on causes and treatment as a better starting point for building trusting relationships and inviting patients to share and put into practice their expertise about their own lives.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis in children: challenges and promises

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Interviewing Children ◽  
Post Traumatic

Children and adolescents experience high rates of potentially traumatic experiences. Many children subsequently develop mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Accurately diagnosing PTSD in children is challenging. This paper reviews the following important issues: (i) the specificity of the PTSD diagnosis; (ii) children who are symptomatic and impaired but do not have enough symptoms for the diagnosis of PTSD; (iii) developmental considerations for preschool and school-age children; and (iv) a variety of assessment challenges that reflect the difficulty and complexity of interviewing children and caregivers about these symptoms. Despite these challenges, PTSD remains the best construct for clinical and research work with trauma survivors. Pediatric PTSD criteria are valuable for identifying children at risk and in need of treatment, and can be even more helpful when developmentally modified in ways that are discussed.

scholarly journals Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly Germans: results of a representative population-based survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Glaesmer ◽  
Thomas Gunzelmann ◽  
Elmar Braehler ◽  
Simon Forstmeier ◽  
Andreas Maercker
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Traumatic

ABSTRACTBackground:Only a few population-based studies on the epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) are available to date. Most of the existing studies are from the U.S.A. Against the background of World War II, the extent and long-term effects of war-related traumatic experiences in the German elderly population are of special interest. Nevertheless, population-based data on this topic are lacking to date.Methods:This study examines the occurrence of traumatic experiences and the prevalence rates of PTSD according to DSM-IV and of partial PTSD in a randomly selected sample of the German general population aged 60 years and over (N = 814) using self-rating instruments.Results:PTSD is apparent in 3.4%; when partial post-traumatic stress syndromes are included, a total of 7.2% of the aged population are involved. The most common individual symptoms resulting from war-induced trauma are avoidance of thoughts and feelings, sleep disturbances, distressing dreams and intrusive thoughts. The most frequently mentioned traumatic experiences of the generation examined in this study were war-related trauma experienced as children or in early adulthood during World War II. As a person's age increases, so does the prevalence of war-related traumatic experiences. There are some gender differences in traumatic experiences, but not in post-traumatic symptoms.Conclusion:The results emphasize the importance of war-related traumatic experiences from World War II in the German elderly population and their impact on the prevalence of PTSD more than 60 years later.

scholarly journals Problemi mjerenja posttraumatskih poremećaja

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bebić
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Objective Event ◽  
Large Clusters

The available literature dealing with the measurement of post- traumatic disorders leads one to conclude that there are at least three large clusters of problems: 1) the problem of unequivocally determining the stressor and/or the stress-producing experience, 2) the problem of measuring the symptoms of the stress disorder, 3) the identification of pre-traumatic features and experiences which could have been significant mediators in causing stress. The DSM-III-R diagnostic classification (American Psychiatric Association), although the best mans for determining post-traumatic stress disorder, represents an ideal example for examining these problems while being, at the same time, a useful model for more exact classifications. In addition, by tackling the problems in this manner one gets a better understanding of the entire model for the occurrence of stress disorders: starting from the objective event, the traumatic experiences, the mediational factors to the appearance of acute and chronic after-effects of stress disorders.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress disorder among Afghan refugees following war

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid A. Mufti ◽  
Farooq Naeem ◽  
Haroon Rasheed Chaudry ◽  
Asad Haroon ◽  
Farida Saifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Major Trauma ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Afghan Refugees ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Camp Life

There was a large influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan during the 1980s and in particular after the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. That refugees have high rates of mental health problems has been well established (e.g. De Jong et al, 2000) — causes include migration, often with painful transit experiences, difficult camp life and the experience of major trauma, including multiple losses of family members as well as the loss of property and traditional lifestyle. However, the Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been poorly studied. Although the mental health problems of Afghan refugees have been studied in the West, the numbers of participants in such research have been relatively small.

scholarly journals PAI-1 protein is a key molecular effector in the transition from normal to PTSD-like fear memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bouarab ◽  
V. Roullot-Lacarrière ◽  
M. Vallée ◽  
A. Le Roux ◽  
C. Guette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Glucocorticoid Hormones ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Traumatic Stress Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Very High ◽  
Moderate Stress ◽  
Pai 1

AbstractModerate stress increases memory and facilitates adaptation. In contrast, intense stress can induce pathological memories as observed in post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). A shift in the balance between the expression of tPA and PAI-1 proteins is responsible for this transition. In conditions of moderate stress, glucocorticoid hormones increase the expression of the tPA protein in the hippocampal brain region which by triggering the Erk1/2MAPK signaling cascade strengthens memory. When stress is particularly intense, very high levels of glucocorticoid hormones then increase the production of PAI-1 protein, which by blocking the activity of tPA induces PTSD-like memories. PAI-1 levels after trauma could be a predictive biomarker of the subsequent appearance of PTSD and pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 activity a new therapeutic approach to this debilitating condition.

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