Dummetova koncepcija kao teorija značenja za Hintikkin tip semantike teorije igre (III)

With the analysis of the key terms such as truth/use, proof - verification, falsification, inductive probability/semantic probability, winning/losing, winning strategy, it is shown that Dummett’s general theory of meaning does not include Hintikka’s game theory, that it, the conception of the winning strategy. The difference between them arises from the different understanding of Wittgenstein's idea about language games and from their attitudes toward theoretical proof theory. Hintikka’s semantic games about exploration of the world do not reject the bivalence principle but he gives it a different characteristic - one of the two players always has a winning strategy. Looking at Dummett’s philosophical theory of meaning and the most recent Hintikka’s suggestion about general information - seeking through questioning and answering, the author establishes that Dummett’s falsificational and dialogical games as well as Hintikka’s semantic games are subparts of Hintikka’s general information - seeking game Thus Dummett’s statement that Hintikka’s semantic games can be subsumed under Dummett’s conception is rejected and thus the answer is partly given to Saarinen’s suggestion that new affinity should be established. Apart from the comparison of these views with the outline of possible Wittgenstein’s general theory of meaning as rule - testing, together with his treatment (although not always adequate) of verification/falsification, inductive probability and čonfirmation/corroboration, the advantage of Wittgenstein’s view is affirmed.

Can moral judgments be objectively justified?

An attempt is made to justify spontaneous moral judgements along anti- relativistic lines. The target of polemic is the work of G. Harman, specifically his thesis that the moral is just the result of implicit agreement of comunity. After criticising this standpoint by appeal to considerations of coherence and reliability, the author concludes by rehearsing the pragmatic point against relativism.

Indukcija ili dedukcija u metodologiji znanosti

In cinnection with the evidence, inductive and deductive methods are usually steted as the basic methods of evaluation for scientific hypotheses or theories. After a short overview of the basic ideas characteristic for these two methods, the author stresses some difficulties for the pure deductive method in Karl Popper’s theory.

Politička (zlo)upotreba ljudske prirode

The ideology of neoconservatism which marked the most recent decade and without understanding of which it is not possible to explain the structural changes in the modem society consists of a double interpretation of human nature. One is philosophical-metaphysical which has roots in Judeo- Cristian conception and the classical philosophical circle, and the other is rational and utilitaristic which has roots in liberal individualism and utilitarianism of Bentham, Smith, Mises and Friedmann. These two, although mustally different concepts are in the function of ideology which, hiding under the traditional culturological customs, has a definite social function of conquering power and control over the intermediary structures between an individual and the society, such as church, shool and family. The concept of man as a being limited by the possibilities of action who finds freedom only on the market, is actually the ideological operationalization of the classical division between politics and power on one hand, and the individual and citizenship on the other.

Efekti stresa na uspješnost pripreme i izvođenja katapultiranja

The aim of the investigation was to examine the stress in the period before and after the action connected to catapulting of the pilot's seat. Stress situation invoked the activation of the autonomous nervous system which was manifested in subjects' pulse rate. The subjects were the candidates for military pilots. The investigation was conducted on Martin-Baker grounds. The results showed that the general tendency is a significant rise of activation up to the moment of catapulting. The successful subjects had, in average, significantly lower level of activation than the subjects who were partly successful or did not succeed at all. Results were interpreted within the theory of stress and activation. The findings showed that overactivation interfered with the given tasks, especially when the tasks were tied to the reaction caused by the environment.

Istraživanja stresa u adolescenciji

In the empirical findings about the stress in adolescence we find different operational definitions of this concept. For the need of this overview the author took Lazarus's (1966) definition that "stress is a threatening demand facing the psychological system". Older studies investigated stress in adolescence on the model of direct effects. Connections were sought between single psychological, that is social, origins of stress with some physiological, affective and behavioral reactions to the stress. Apart from the fact that the results of such studies were sometimes contradictory to the nature and degree of the connections of the anticedent stress variables with the variables - consequences of stress, they were also not complete as an explanation of the stress process. For such explanation it is more advisable to take more complex models by which stress has been studied recently and in which effect of mediational factors are taken into the account for the final results of the stress. The author stress the dangers of of taking such complex models that could lead into the proliferation of new concepts and constructs in this area of investigation in which not even traditional concepts (such as stressor, stress, derangement, suffering, etc.) have neither been explicated nor conceptually differentiated.

Pouzdanost i faktorska struktura Rou upitnika

The authors have investigated a sample of 283 3th and 4th grade students in secondary schools of Zadar where they tested the reliability and factor structure of ROU-questionnairc scale measuring classroom psycho-social study atmosphere. On the basis the obtained reliability coefficients (type Cronbach- alfa) the authors established that all scales included in the questionnaire had a satisfactory reliability. Two factors were extracted from the factor analysis and they were: 1. factor of individualisation and personal development and 2. factor of satisfaction with relationship in the class which gave explanation to 52.17 % of common variance of all the results.

Bibliografija

Bibliography

Činioci efikasnosti čitanja i njihove didaktičke implikacije

The author reexamines the factors, mentioned by different researchers, which have essential infuence on the development of reading abilities as part of knowledge acquisition. The author points to the need of systematic exercise, instigation and development of the main features of modem reading whose basic characteristic is speed and economy. Understanding of the reading material is demanded so the author is against the school practice where fast reading is measured and little attention paid to the improvement of this skill. Systematic introduction of the discussed factors in necessary in the process of reading which is the basic presupposition of successful learning.

Razoreni dom i maloljetnička delikvencija u Jugoslaviji od 1953. do 1988.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of broken home on juvenile delinquency in Yugoslavia during the period from 1953 to 1988.. The research was conducted of official data for: children from bralyin homes, juvenile delinquents from broken homes and juvenile delinquents from complete homes (families with both biological parents present). In Yugoslavia during the period from 1953 to 1988 thpre were 1.680.330 children from homes and 200.098 juvenile delinquents (adolscents 14-18 years old were sentenced in court for certain Criminal delicts). The results from this research show: first, that there were about 2.5 times more juvenile delinquents from complete homes that from broken homes; speond, that the trend of increase in number of children who live in broken homes was not parallele to the increase in amount of juvenile delinquency; to the contrary, there was a proportional decrese in juvenile delinquency (all correlation coefficients between broken home and juvenile delinquency were negative numbers in the range from - .62 to -.76 significant at X)1 level); and, third, that majority of juvenile delinquents from broken home category came from divorced parents. The results are compared with the data of other authors and discussed in terms of some theories of juvenile delinquency.