Professor Betz's Method of Making Sections of Nervous Tissue

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 465-466
Author(s):  
Batty Tuke
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Brown Colour ◽  
Ordinary Temperature

Professor Betz, of Kiew, has lately produced brain sections, which have attracted very considerable attention in Vienna. His specimens are of vast extent. He appears to be able to produce thin sections of an entire hemisphere. We append his method of hardening and cutting as it is stated in the “Correspondentze Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Gerichtlich Psychologie, Jan., 1873.” The method of hardening which we wish to bring into notice is as follows:—observing that differences exist in the treatment of the spinal-cord, cerebrum and cerebellum. The spinal-cord—after tbe careful removal of the dura mater, it is placed in spirit of from 75 to 80 per cent., which is tinged a clear brown colour by the addition of Iodine. After from one to three days, during which the preparation must stand in a cool temperature, the Pia Mater and the Arachnoid are also removed; the specimen remaining in the spirit, to which a few drops of Iodine must be added daily for three days, maintaining an ordinary temperature. It is then transferred to a three per cent. solution of Chromate of Potass, and back again to the cool temperature. Here it hardens thoroughly, which is known by the fluid becoming turbid, and by the formation of a brown deposit upon the preparation. When this occurs, it must be immediately thoroughly washed with water, and immersed in a solution of Chromate of Potass, from a half to one per cent. strength, in which it will not become too hard or brittle.

Professor Betz's Method of Making Sections of Nervous Tissue

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 465-466
Author(s):  
Batty Tuke
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Brown Colour ◽  
Ordinary Temperature

Professor Betz, of Kiew, has lately produced brain sections, which have attracted very considerable attention in Vienna. His specimens are of vast extent. He appears to be able to produce thin sections of an entire hemisphere. We append his method of hardening and cutting as it is stated in the “Correspondentze Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Gerichtlich Psychologie, Jan., 1873.” The method of hardening which we wish to bring into notice is as follows:—observing that differences exist in the treatment of the spinal-cord, cerebrum and cerebellum. The spinal-cord—after tbe careful removal of the dura mater, it is placed in spirit of from 75 to 80 per cent., which is tinged a clear brown colour by the addition of Iodine. After from one to three days, during which the preparation must stand in a cool temperature, the Pia Mater and the Arachnoid are also removed; the specimen remaining in the spirit, to which a few drops of Iodine must be added daily for three days, maintaining an ordinary temperature. It is then transferred to a three per cent. solution of Chromate of Potass, and back again to the cool temperature. Here it hardens thoroughly, which is known by the fluid becoming turbid, and by the formation of a brown deposit upon the preparation. When this occurs, it must be immediately thoroughly washed with water, and immersed in a solution of Chromate of Potass, from a half to one per cent. strength, in which it will not become too hard or brittle.

Surgical treatment of the retethered spinal cord after repair of lipomyelomeningocele

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Sakamoto ◽  
Akira Hakuba ◽  
Ken Fujitani ◽  
Shuro Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Conus Medullaris ◽  
Posterior Arch ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Dense Adhesion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dural Sac ◽  
Long Term Observation

✓ In a series of 75 patients with surgically treated lipomyelomeningoceles, the neurological condition of six patients deteriorated 6 months to 14 years after the operation due to repeat tethering of the spinal cord. The tethering resulted from postoperative dense adhesion between the cord and the overlying dura mater. Two of the six patients underwent conventional repeat untethering procedures, and the remaining four were successfully treated with a new surgical technique developed by the authors to prevent such dural adhesion. For this procedure, after complete untethering of the spinal cord, the lumbosacral cord is retained in the center of the dural sac by fine stay sutures between the pia mater of the conus medullaris and the ventral dura mater. In addition, the dura mater is tacked to the posterior arch which is reconstructed with bone grafts at one or two bifid vertebral levels. During a postoperative follow-up period of 1 to 3 years, no further deterioration has been observed and magnetic resonance studies have demonstrated a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the lumbosacral cord. The authors conclude that long-term observation, both neurological and radiological, is essential even after successful repair of a lipomyelomeningocele. This new surgical procedure can maintain a CSF bath around the lumbosacral cord, thus preventing dural adhesion. Application of this technique will hopefully be beneficial in lipomyelomeningocele patients with a high risk of cord retethering after initial repair.

scholarly journals History of spinal cord localization

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sait Naderi ◽  
Uğur Türe ◽  
T. Glenn Pait
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Cord Injury

The first reference to spinal cord injury is recorded in the Edwin Smith papyrus. Little was known of the function of the cord before Galen's experiments conducted in the second century AD. Galen described the protective coverings of the spinal cord: the bone, posterior longitudinal ligament, dura mater, and pia mater. He gave a detailed account of the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. During the medieval period (AD 700–1500) almost nothing of note was added to Galen's account of spinal cord structure. The first significant work on the spinal cord was that of Blasius in 1666. He was the first to differentiate the gray and white matter of the cord and demonstrated for the first time the origin of the anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots. The elucidation of the various tracts in the spinal cord actually began with demonstrations of pyramidal decussation by Mistichelli (1709) and Pourfoir du Petit (1710). Huber (1739) recorded the first detailed account of spinal roots and the denticulate ligaments. In 1809, Rolando described the substantia gelati-nosa. The microtome, invented in 1824 by Stilling, proved to be one of the fundamental tools for the study of spinal cord anatomy. Stilling's technique involved slicing frozen or alcohol-hardened spinal cord into very thin sections and examining them unstained by using the naked eye or a microscope. With improvements in histological and experimental techniques, modern studies of spinal cord anatomy and function were initiated by Brown-Séquard. In 1846, he gave the first demonstration of the decussation of the sensory tracts. The location and direction of fiber tracts were uncovered by the experimental studies of Burdach (1826), Türck (1849), Clarke (1851), Lissauer (1855), Goll (1860), Flechsig (1876), and Gowers (1880). Bastian (1890) demonstrated that in complete transverse lesions of the spinal cord, reflexes below the level of the lesion are lost and muscle tone is abolished. Flatau (1894) observed the laminar nature of spinal pathways. The 20th century ushered in a new era in the evaluation of spinal cord function and localization; however, the total understanding of this remarkable organ remains elusive. Perhaps the next century will provide the answers to today's questions about spinal cord localization.

Evaluation by Fluid/Structure-Interaction Spinal-Cord Simulation of the Effects of Subarachnoid-Space Stenosis on an Adjacent Syrinx

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Pulse Excitation ◽  
Longitudinal Motion ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Bulk Fluid ◽  
Fluid Displacement

A finite-element numerical model was constructed of the spinal cord, pia mater, filum terminale, cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space (SSS), and dura mater. The cord was hollowed out by a thoracic syrinx of length 140 mm, and the SSS included a stenosis of length 30 mm opposite this syrinx. The stenosis severity was varied from 0% to 90% by area. Pressure pulse excitation was applied to the model either at the cranial end of the SSS, simulating the effect of cranial arterial pulsation, or externally to the abdominal dura mater, simulating the effect of cough. A very short pulse was used to examine wave propagation; a pulse emulating cardiac systole was used to examine the effects of fluid displacement. Additionally, repetitive sinusoidal excitation was applied cranially. Bulk fluid flow past the stenosis gave rise to prominent longitudinal pressure dissociation (“suck”) in the SSS adjacent to the syrinx. However, this did not proportionally increase the longitudinal motion of fluid in the syrinx. The inertia of the fluid in the SSS, together with the compliance of this space, gave a resonance capable of being excited constructively or destructively by cardiac or coughing impulses. The main effect of mild stenosis was to lower the frequency of this resonance; severe stenosis damped out to-and-fro motions after the end of the applied excitation. Syrinx fluid motion indicated the fluid momentum and thus the pressure developed when the fluid was stopped by the end of the syrinx; however, the tearing stress in the local cord material depended also on the instantaneous local SSS pressure and was therefore not well predicted by syrinx fluid motion. Stenosis was also shown to give rise to a one-way valve effect causing raised SSS pressure caudally and slight average cord displacement cranially. The investigation showed that previous qualitative predictions of the effects of suck neglected factors that reduced the extent of the resulting syrinx fluid motion and of the cord tearing stress, which ultimately determines whether the syrinx lengthens.

Intraspinal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

1994 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Ranjan ◽  
Geeta Chacko ◽  
Thomas Joseph ◽  
Sushil M. Chandi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A 52-year-old man presented with symptoms of progressive cervical radiculomyelopathy. A myelogram showed an intradural block at the C-6 level. Magnetic resonance T1-weighted imaging revealed a hypointense, sausage-shaped mass extending from C-3 to C-6, located posterolaterally on the right side and pushing the spinal cord to the left and anteriorly. At surgery, a mass was found attached solely to the pia mater, with a normal arachnoid and dura mater overlying it. The mass was excised completely and microscopic examination identified a mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. The patient was symptom-free 6 months after surgery.

scholarly journals In vivo assessment of spinal cord elasticity using shear wave ultrasound in dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amro Al-Habib ◽  
Abdulrahman Albakr ◽  
Abdullah Al Towim ◽  
Metab Alkubeyyer ◽  
Abdullah Abu Jamea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Balloon Compression

OBJECTIVEEvaluation of living tissue elasticity has wide applications in disease characterization and prognosis prediction. Few previous ex vivo attempts have been made to characterize spinal cord elasticity (SCE). Recently, tissue elasticity assessment has been clinically feasible using ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE). The current study aims to characterize SCE in healthy dogs, in vivo, utilizing SWE, and to address SCE changes during compression.METHODSTen Greyhound dogs (mean age 14 months; mean weight 14.3 kg) were anesthetized and tracheally intubated, with hemodynamic and neurological monitoring. A 3-level, midcervical laminectomy was performed. SCE was assessed at baseline. Next, 8- and 13-mm balloon compressions were sequentially applied ventral to the spinal cord.RESULTSThe mean SCE was 18.5 ± 7 kPa. Elasticity of the central canal, pia mater, and dura mater were 21.7 ± 9.6 kPa, 26.1 ± 14.8 kPa, and 63.2 ± 11.5 kPa, respectively. As expected, the spinal cord demonstrated less elasticity than the dura mater (p < 0.0001) and pia mater (trend toward significance p = 0.08). Notably, the 13-mm balloon compression resulted in a stiffer spinal cord than at baseline (233 ± 73 kPa versus 18.5 ± 7 kPa, p < 0.0001) and 8-mm balloon compression (233 ± 73 kPa versus 185 ± 68 kPa, p < 0.048).CONCLUSIONSIn vivo SCE evaluation using SWE is feasible and comparable to earlier reports, as demonstrated by physical sectioning of the spinal cord. The compressed spinal cord is stiffer than a free spinal cord, with a linear increase in SCE with increasing mechanical compression. Knowledge of the biomechanical properties of the spinal cord including SCE has potential implications for disease management and prognosis.

scholarly journals Comparison between two surgical techniques for prenatal correction of meningomyelocele in sheep

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Rejane Fontoura Herrera ◽  
Ricardo José de Almeida Leme ◽  
Paulo Roberto Valente ◽  
Élia Garcia Caldini ◽  
Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Pathological Analysis ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Neurosurgical Technique ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

OBJECTIVE: To compare the classical neurosurgical technique with a new simplified technique for prenatal repair of a myelomeningocelelike defect in sheep. METHODS: A myelomeningocele-like defect (laminectomy and dural excision) was created in the lumbar region on day 90 of gestation in 9 pregnant sheep. Correction technique was randomized. In Group 1 the defect was corrected using the classic neurosurgical technique of three-layer suture (dura mater, muscle and skin closure) performed by a neurosurgeon. In Group 2, a fetal medicine specialist used a biosynthetic cellulose patch to protect the spinal cord and only the skin was sutured above it. Near term (day 132 of gestation) fetuses were sacrificed for pathological analysis. RESULTS: There were two miscarriages and one maternal death. In total, six cases were available for pathological analysis, three in each group. In Group 1, there were adherence of the spinal cord to the scar (meningo-neural adhesion) and spinal cord architecture loss with posterior funiculus destruction and no visualization of grey matter. In Group 2, we observed in all cases formation of a neo-dura mater, separating the nervous tissue from adjacent muscles, and preserving the posterior funiculus and grey matter. CONCLUSION: The new simplified technique was better than the classic neurosurgical technique. It preserved the nervous tissue and prevented the adherence of the spinal cord to the scar. This suggests the current technique used for the correction of spina bifida in humans may need to be reassessed.

scholarly journals Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats using supernates of incubated sensitized lymph node cells.

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. 1405-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
C C Whitacre ◽  
P Y Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Lewis Rats ◽  
Transfer Activity ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Experimental Allergic

Supernates derived from incubated lymph node cells of Lewis rats sensitized to guinea pig spinal cord-Freund's adjuvant transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to syngeneic recipients. EAE supernatant transfer activity (EAE-STA) is not demonstrable in supernates derived from LNC of control donors not sensitized to nervous tissue. After addition of brain antigen to active supernates, EAE-STA is not longer demonstrable.

scholarly journals Angioarchitecture of arteriovenous fistulas at the craniocervical junction: a multicenter cohort study of 54 patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1839-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Hiramatsu ◽  
Kenji Sugiu ◽  
Tomoya Ishiguro ◽  
Hiro Kiyosue ◽  
Kenichi Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Craniocervical Junction ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
Multicenter Cohort ◽  
Av Shunt

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this retrospective multicenter cohort study was to assess the details of the angioarchitecture of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) and to determine the associations between the angiographic characteristics and the clinical presentations and outcomes.METHODSThe authors analyzed angiographic and clinical data for patients with CCJ AVFs from 20 participating centers that are members of the Japanese Society for Neuroendovascular Therapy (JSNET). Angiographic findings (feeding artery, location of AV shunt, draining vein) and patient data (age, sex, presentation, treatment modality, outcome) were tabulated and stratified based on the angiographic types of the lesions, as diagnosed by a member of the CCJ AVF study group, which consisted of a panel of 6 neurointerventionalists and 1 spine neurosurgeon.RESULTSThe study included 54 patients (median age 65 years, interquartile range 61–75 years) with a total of 59 lesions. Five angiographic types were found among the 59 lesions: Type 1, dural AVF (22 [37%] of 59); Type 2, radicular AVF (17 [29%] of 59); Type 3, epidural AVF (EDAVF) with pial feeders (8 [14%] of 59); Type 4, EDAVF (6 [10%] of 59); and Type 5, perimedullary AVF (6 [10%] of 59). In almost all lesions (98%), AV shunts were fed by radiculomeningeal arteries from the vertebral artery that drained into intradural or epidural veins through AV shunts on the dura mater, on the spinal nerves, in the epidural space, or on the spinal cord. In more than half of the lesions (63%), the AV shunts were also fed by a spinal pial artery from the anterior spinal artery (ASA) and/or the lateral spinal artery. The data also showed that the angiographic characteristics associated with hemorrhagic presentations—the most common presentation of the lesions (73%)—were the inclusion of the ASA as a feeder, the presence of aneurysmal dilatation on the feeder, and CCJ AVF Type 2 (radicular AVF). Treatment outcomes differed among the angiographic types of the lesions.CONCLUSIONSCraniocervical junction AVFs commonly present with hemorrhage and are frequently fed by both radiculomeningeal and spinal pial arteries. The AV shunt develops along the C-1 or C-2 nerve roots and can be located on the spinal cord, on the spinal nerves, and/or on the inner or outer surface of the dura mater.

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