Site Amplification Functions for Central and Eastern North America – Part II: Modular Simulation-Based Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 815-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Harmon ◽  
Youssef M. A. Hashash ◽  
Jonathan P. Stewart ◽  
Ellen M. Rathje ◽  
Kenneth W. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Linear Amplification ◽  
Nonlinear Amplification ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Ground Motion Scaling ◽  
Model Components ◽  
Site Period

Site amplification models for Central and Eastern North America are developed from simulation results presented in a companion paper. Linear and nonlinear amplification functions are developed for response spectral (RS) accelerations and smoothed Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS). Linear RS model components include ground motion scaling with 30 m time-averaged shear wave velocity ( VS30 scaling) and the effects of site period and sediment depth. These models are modular and can be used with or without period or depth terms. Including these terms, especially site period, is desirable and improves model estimation. Modularity also allows linear and nonlinear amplification terms to be developed and combined with linear amplification models without bias. Nonlinear RS models reduce linear amplification as VS30 decreases and the intensity of rock outcrop motions increases. Linear FAS models are tabulated amplification values as functions of VS30 and depth; nonlinear FAS models are analogous to those for the RS. A linear model for correcting a VS30 = 760 m/s rock condition to VS = 3,000 m/s is produced.

Nonlinear site amplification model for ergodic seismic hazard analysis in Central and Eastern North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef M. A. Hashash ◽  
Okan Ilhan ◽  
Joseph A. Harmon ◽  
Grace A. Parker ◽  
Jonathan P. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Uncertainty Model ◽  
Nonlinear Amplification

This article presents recommendations for nonlinear site amplification models in Central and Eastern North America (CENA), which are developed from one-dimensional site response analyses results and accompanies linear site amplification model in a companion article. Two median nonlinear amplification models using identical functional forms are produced as a function of VS30 and peak ground acceleration for reference conditions ( PGAr) of VS = 3000 m/s and VS30 = 760 m/s. An epistemic uncertainty model on median nonlinear amplification is proposed as a piecewise functional form to generate reasonable variations of nonlinear amplification across the period and VS30 ranges of interest. Limitations of the models are based on both the methodology of the model derivation and assumptions of nonlinear amplification model forms.

Site Amplification Functions for Central and Eastern North America – Part I: Simulation Data Set Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Harmon ◽  
Youssef M. A. Hashash ◽  
Jonathan P. Stewart ◽  
Ellen M. Rathje ◽  
Kenneth W. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Using Data

This paper presents the development of large-scale simulation-based data sets used to inform new site amplification models for Central and Eastern North America (CENA). Linear elastic, equivalent linear, and nonlinear one-dimensional site response simulations of site conditions in CENA are employed. An analysis tree is introduced to capture the range of expected CENA geologic conditions. Independent variables include the following: (1) representative and random shear wave velocity ( VS) profiles using data from the literature; (2) randomized, nonlinear shear modulus reduction and damping vs. shear strain curves with constraint on soil shear strength; and (3) outcrop ground motions representative of the VS = 3,000 m/s CENA reference rock condition. The resulting database of 1,747,278 simulations is conditioned on several parameters relevant to site amplification, which facilitates model development that is the subject of a companion paper. The database is openly available for use by other researchers.

Significance of site natural period effects for linear site amplification in central and eastern North America: Empirical and simulation-based models

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef M. A. Hashash ◽  
Okan Ilhan ◽  
Behzad Hassani ◽  
Gail M. Atkinson ◽  
Joseph Harmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Natural Period ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
Simulation Based

This article evaluates linear simulation-based and empirical site amplification models including site natural period dependency parameters to account for the distinctive amplification behavior near site fundamental frequencies resulting from the sharp impedance contrast between soil and underlying hard bedrock in central and eastern North America (CENA). The simulation-based amplification models are developed using 581,685 frequency-domain linear analyses generated from a parametric study and include VS30-scaling and site natural period ( Tnat) parameters. The empirical models are derived from residuals analyses of ground-motion models for two reference conditions: B/C boundary ( VS30 = 760 m/s) and CENA hard-rock condition ( VS = 3000 m/s). The simulation-based and empirical models are compared for 8 site profiles in CENA to measured horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) component response spectral (RS) ratios, the mean of linear simulations for similar sites, and one-dimensional (1D) linear site response analysis for four of these sites. Comparisons between observed and estimated site amplification behaviors highlight model dependency on Tnat in CENA. Model consistencies and differences related to the distinct linear amplification features near site fundamental frequency are discussed.

Revision of Boore (2018) Ground-Motion Predictions for Central and Eastern North America: Path and Offset Adjustments and Extension to 200  m/s≤VS30≤3000  m/s

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (2A) ◽  
pp. 977-991
Author(s):  
David M. Boore
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Hard Rock ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
A Value ◽  
Stress Parameters

Abstract The three sets of ground-motion predictions (GMPs) of Boore (2018; hereafter, B18) are compared with a much larger dataset than was used in deriving the predictions. The B18 GMPs work well for response spectra at periods between ∼0.15 and 4.0 s after an adjustment accounting for a path bias at distances beyond 200 km—this was the maximum distance used to derive the stress parameters on which the simulations in B18 are based. An additional offset adjustment is needed in the B18 predictions for short and long periods. The adjustment at short periods may be because the κ0 of 0.006 s stipulated by the Next Generation Attenuation-East (NGA-East) project to be used in deriving the GMPs is inconsistent with the observations on rock sites. The explanation for the offset adjustment at long periods is not clear, but it could be a combination of limitations of the point-source stochastic model for longer period motions, as well as a decreasing number of observations at longer periods available to constrain the simulations on which the predictions are based. The predictions of B18, developed for very-hard-rock sites (VS30 of 2000 and 3000  m/s), have here been extended down to VS30 values as low as 200  m/s. I find, as have others, that for a given VS30, there is generally less site amplification for central and eastern North America (CENA) than for the active crustal region dataset used for the Boore, Stewart, et al. (2014; hereafter, BSSA14) GMP equations. This might have an impact on conclusions of several previous studies of CENA GMPs that used the site amplifications in BSSA14 in comparing data and predictions. An additional finding is that the κ0 implied by recordings on a subset of stations in the Charlevoix region located on rock (data from these stations were not used in the analysis described earlier) is more consistent with a value near 0.014 s than the 0.006 s value used in B18 and the NGA-East project.

Ground Motion Model for Small-to-Moderate Earthquakes in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Zalachoris ◽  
Ellen M. Rathje
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Induced Seismicity ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Ground Motion Model ◽  
Magnitude Scaling ◽  
Proposed Model

A ground motion model (GMM) tuned to the characteristics of the observed, and potentially induced, seismicity in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas is developed using a database of 4,528 ground motions recorded during 376 events of Mw > 3.0 in the region. The GMM is derived using the referenced empirical approach with an existing Central and Eastern North America model as the reference GMM and is applicable for Mw = 3.0–5.8 and hypocentral distances less than 500 km. The proposed model incorporates weaker magnitude scaling than the reference GMM for periods less than about 1.0 s, resulting in smaller predicted ground motions at larger magnitudes. The proposed model predicts larger response spectral accelerations at short hypocentral distances (≤20 km), which is likely because of the shallow hypocenters of events in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Finally, the VS30 scaling for the newly developed model predicts less amplification at VS30 < 600 m/s than the reference GMM, which is likely because of the generally thinner sediments in the study area. This finding is consistent with recent studies regarding site amplification in Central and Eastern North America.

Empirical Linear Seismic Site Amplification in Central and Eastern North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 849-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace A. Parker ◽  
Jonathan P. Stewart ◽  
Youssef M. A. Hashash ◽  
Ellen M. Rathje ◽  
Kenneth W. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Resonance Effects ◽  
Bayesian Techniques ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
Scaling Models

We present empirical linear site amplification models conditioned on time-averaged shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m ( VS30) for central and eastern North America. The models are derived from ground motion data and site condition information from the NGA-East project and are intended for use with reference rock ground motion models. Site amplification is found to scale with VS30 for intermediate to stiff site conditions ( VS30 > 300 m/s) in a weaker manner than for active tectonic regions such as the western United States. For stiff sites ( >800 m/s), we find differences in site amplification for previously glaciated and nonglaciated regions, with nonglaciated sites having lower amplification. The models were developed using a combination of least-squares, mixed effects, and Bayesian techniques; the latter show that accounting for predictor uncertainty does not appreciably affect the median model but decreases model dispersion. Our VS30-scaling models are modular and additive to simulation-based models for the nonlinear components of site response. A limitation of the present models is that they do not account for site-specific resonance effects.

Application of empirical and simulation-based site amplification models for Central and Eastern North America to selected sites

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302110207
Author(s):  
Youssef MA Hashash ◽  
Okan Ilhan ◽  
Halil Uysal ◽  
Jonathan P Stewart ◽  
Sissy Nikolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Attenuation Relationships ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Specific Modeling

The Next Generation Attenuation Relationships for Central & Eastern North-America (NGA-East) Geotechnical Working Group (GWG) has presented models for site amplification in Central and Eastern North America that represent a significant change from past practice, which was based on models developed for active tectonic regions. The GWG models are ergodic in their formulation, meaning that they produce an average level of amplification conditional on VS30 and other the site parameters. We illustrate the application of these models to four sites in Texas, South Carolina, Mississippi, and New York City, and compare results with site-specific ground response analyses. The results indicate that substantial advantage is possible when ergodic models conditioned only on VS30 are supplemented with a modular term that produces a peak at one or more site natural periods ( Tnat). The article demonstrates features and limitations of the GWG models for sites in Central and Eastern North America and provides useful recommendations for coupling ergodic and non-ergodic (site-specific) modeling as part of seismic hazard studies.

Ergodic site amplification model for central and eastern North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Stewart ◽  
Grace A. Parker ◽  
Gail M. Atkinson ◽  
David M. Boore ◽  
Youssef M. A. Hashash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Motion Data

The United States Geological Survey national seismic hazard maps have historically been produced for a reference site condition of VS30 = 760 m/s. For other site conditions, site factors are used, which heretofore have been developed using ground motion data and simulations for shallow earthquakes in active tectonic regions. Research results from the Next Generation Attenuation–East (NGA-East) project, as well as previous and contemporaneous related research, demonstrate different levels of site amplification in central and eastern North America (CENA) as compared to active regions. We provide recommendations for modeling of ergodic site amplification in CENA based primarily on research results from the literature. The recommended model has three additive terms in natural logarithmic units. Two describe linear site amplification: an empirically constrained VS30-scaling term relative to a 760 m/s reference and a simulation-based term to adjust site amplification from the 760 m/s reference to the CENA reference of VS = 3000 m/s. The third term is a nonlinear model that is described in a companion document. All median model components are accompanied by epistemic uncertainty models.

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