scholarly journals Comorbidity and Mortality Results From a Randomized Prostate Cancer Screening Trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. David Crawford ◽  
Robert Grubb ◽  
Amanda Black ◽  
Gerald L. Andriole ◽  
Ming-Hui Chen ◽  
...  

Purpose Estimates of prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) were similar for men randomly assigned to intervention compared with usual care on the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian PC screening study. However, results analyzed by comorbidity strata remain unknown. Patients and Methods Between 1993 and 2001, of 76,693 men who were randomly assigned to usual care or intervention at 10 US centers, 73,378 (96%) completed a questionnaire that inquired about comorbidity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing before random assignment. Fine and Gray's multivariable analysis was performed to assess whether the randomized screening arm was associated with the risk of PCSM in men with no or minimal versus at least one significant comorbidity, adjusting for age and prerandomization PSA testing. Results After 10 years of follow-up, 9,565 deaths occurred, 164 from PC. A significant decrease in the risk of PCSM (22 v 38 deaths; adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.95; P = .03) was observed in men with no or minimal comorbidity randomly assigned to intervention versus usual care, and the additional number needed to treat to prevent one PC death at 10 years was five. Among men with at least one significant comorbidity, those randomly assigned to intervention versus usual care did not have a decreased risk of PCSM (62 v 42 deaths; AHR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.96 to 2.11; P = .08). Conclusion Selective use of PSA screening for men in good health appears to reduce the risk of PCSM with minimal overtreatment.

AAOHN Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Snyder ◽  
Peggy N. Schrammel ◽  
Claudia B. Griffiths ◽  
Robert I. Griffiths

Recognition of the mortality and morbidity associated with prostate cancer has resulted in employer based screening programs. This retrospective cohort study identified the employer costs of prostate cancer screening and referrals due to abnormal test results. The subjects were 385 men enrolled in a workplace screening program at a single employer between 1993 and 1995. Screening consisted of digital rectal examination (DRE) annually for enrolled employees aged 40 years and older, plus annual prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing for those 50 and older, and those 40 and older and considered at high risk. Data related to the health care and lost productivity costs of screening and referrals for abnormal test results were collected and analyzed. The total cost of screening was $44,355, or approximately $56 per screening encounter (788 DREs; 437 PSAs). Abnormal screening tests resulted in 52 referrals. Upon further evaluation, 42% were found to have an enlargement, 29% a node, and 12% benign prostatic hyperplasia. Only one malignancy was found. The total cost of additional referrals was $31,815, or 42% of the cost of screening plus referrals. As the cost per screening encounter was low, prostate cancer screening in the workplace is an efficient alternative.


2000 ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Nash ◽  
I Melezinek

The introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing has revolutionised the early detection, management and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and it is considered to be one of the best biomedical markers currently available in the field of oncology. Its use with annual digital rectal examination in prostate cancer screening programmes has led to a marked change in the distribution of stage at presentation towards earlier disease and led to a significant increase in the detection of potentially curable disease. In order to improve the specificity of PSA testing and thereby reduce the number of unnecessary prostatic biopsies, a number of refinements of PSA evaluation have been proposed. These include free to total PSA ratio, PSA density, PSA density, PSA density of the transition zone, PSA velocity and age-specific PSA reference ranges. The utility of these approaches is considered in this review. The role of PSA monitoring in the detection of recurrence following radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy is discussed, as well as its role in monitoring patients treated with endocrine therapy is discussed, as well as its role in monitoring patients treated with endocrine therapy in terms of correlating PSA response with outcome, in detecting disease progression and in guiding the use of subsequent therapies. Large continuing multicentre screening and outcome studies will provide important information enabling greater refinement of the use of this important diagnostic and monitoring tool in the future detection and management of prostate cancer.


2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1474-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Filella ◽  
María Dolores Albaladejo ◽  
Juan Antonio Allué ◽  
Miguel Angel Castaño ◽  
Daniel Morell-Garcia ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) remains as the most used biomarker in the detection of early prostate cancer (PCa). Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are produced to facilitate incorporation of evidence into clinical practice. This is particularly useful when PCa screening remains controversial and guidelines diverge among different medical institutions, although opportunistic screening is not recommended. Methods We performed a systematic review of guidelines about PCa screening using PSA. Guidelines published since 2008 were included in this study. The most updated version of these CPGs was used for the evaluation. Results Twenty-two guidelines were selected for review. In 59% of these guidelines, recommendations were graded according to level of evidence (n = 13), but only 18% of the guidelines provided clear algorithms (n = 4). Each CPG was assessed using a checklist of laboratory issues, including pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical factors. We found that laboratory medicine specialists participate in 9% of the guidelines reviewed (n = 2) and laboratory issues were frequently omitted. We remarked that information concerning the consequences of World Health Organization (WHO) standard in PSA testing was considered by only two of 22 CPGs evaluated in this study. Conclusions We concluded that the quality of PCa early detection guidelines could be improved properly considering the laboratory issues in their development.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Christopher Allard ◽  
Paul Yip ◽  
Ivan Blasutig ◽  
Karen Hersey ◽  
Neil Fleshner

Purpose: The percent free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may complementtotal PSA for prostate cancer screening, but is of no benefitfor monitoring patients with previous prostate cancer diagnoses. Atthe Princess Margaret Hospital, a tertiary cancer centre in Toronto,Ontario, Canada, PSA values in the range 4 to 10 ng/mL promptreflexive measurements of free PSA. We hypothesize that reflexivefree PSA testing at tertiary cancer centres generates unnecessarycosts as the test is often conducted on patients with previous diagnosesof prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We reviewed all reflexive free PSA measurementsconducted on a random sample of 250 men in a 10-yearperiod at our institution. We determined the clinical indicationsfor the PSA tests which triggered reflexive free PSA measurementsto estimate the proportion of free PSA tests that are not clinicallyindicated.Results: We reviewed the 1099 reflexive free PSA measurementsfor the 250 subjects. Of these tests, 562 (51%) were triggered byPSA tests ordered for screening/early detection, and 537 (49%)for monitoring.Conclusions: Of all reflexive free PSA tests, 49% were unnecessary.We conducted 3022 free PSA tests, at a cost of $5.84 pertest (Can$); the tests were performed in 2009 at this institution fora total cost of $17 648.48, about 49% of which ($8647.76) likelyrepresents unnecessary annual costs. We suggest a trial of userselectableorder sets allowing physicians to choose whether toinclude reflexive free PSA measurements on a case-by-case basis.This policy might improve the cost-effectiveness of the PSA test attertiary cancer centres.Objectif : Le pourcentage d’antigène prostatique spécifique (APS)libre peut compléter la mesure de l’APS total dans le dépistagedu cancer de la prostate, mais il n’est d’aucune utilité pour lasurveillance de patients ayant déjà reçu un diagnostic de cancerde la prostate. À l’hôpital Princess Margaret, un centre de soinsoncologiques tertiaires de Toronto, en Ontario (Canada), un tauxd’APS se situant entre 4 et 10 ng/mL entraîne systématiquementune évaluation des taux d’APS libre. Nous avançons l’hypothèseque la mesure de l’APS libre dans les centres de soins oncologiquestertiaires entraîne des dépenses inutiles car ce test est souventmené chez des patients ayant déjà reçu un diagnostic de cancerde la prostate.Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons examiné tous les cas de mesurede l’APS libre effectuée dans un échantillon aléatoire de 250 hommessur une période de 10 ans à notre établissement. Nous avonsvérifié les indications cliniques liées aux mesures de l’APS ayantentraîné une mesure de l’APS libre afin d’évaluer la proportionde ces mesures de l’APS libre qui n’étaient pas justifiées sur leplan clinique.Résultats : Chez les 250 sujets, 1099 mesures de l’APS libre ont étéeffectuées. Sur ces tests, 562 (51 %) ont fait suite à des mesuresde l’APS prescrites à des fins de dépistage/diagnostic précoce, et537 (49 %) à des fins de surveillance.Conclusions : De toutes les mesures de l’APS libre, 49 % n’étaientpas nécessaires; 3022 tests de mesure de l’APS libre, au coût de5,84 $ par test, ont été effectués en 2009 à notre établissement,pour un coût total de 17 648,48 $, dont environ 49 % – pour unmontant de 8647,76 $ – représente selon toute apparence desdépenses inutiles. Nous suggérons d’établir une règle basée sur lejugement clinique et permettant aux médecins de choisir d’inclureou non la mesure de l’APS libre au cas par cas. Une telle politiquepourrait améliorer la rentabilité des mesures de l’APS dans lescentres de soins oncologiques tertiaires.


2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. e17-e17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Mikropoulos ◽  
◽  
Christina G Hutten Selkirk ◽  
Sibel Saya ◽  
Elizabeth Bancroft ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Kevin H Kensler ◽  
Claire H Pernar ◽  
Brandon A Mahal ◽  
Paul L Nguyen ◽  
Quoc-Dien Trinh ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing led to a decrease in prostate cancer screening, but the heterogeneity of its impact by race and ethnicity remains unclear. Methods The proportion of 40- to 74-year-old men who self-reported receiving a routine PSA test in the past year was estimated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2012-2018). Odds ratios (ORs) of undergoing screening by race and ethnicity were estimated, adjusting for healthcare–related factors. Prostate cancer incidence rates and rate ratios (IRRs) by race and ethnicity were estimated using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry data (2004-2017). Results PSA testing frequencies were 32.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 31.7% to 32.8%) among non-Hispanic White (NHW), 30.3% (95% CI = 28.3% to 32.3%) among non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 21.8% (95% CI = 19.9% to 23.7%) among Hispanic, and 17.7% (95% CI = 14.1% to 21.3%) among Asian and Pacific Islander men in 2012. The absolute screening frequency declined by 9.5% from 2012 to 2018, with a larger decline among NHB (11.6%) than NHW men (9.3%). The relative annual decrease was greater among NHB (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.88) than NHW men (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.90; Pheterogeneity = .005), driven by a larger decline among NHB men ages 40-54 years. The NHB to NHW IRR for total prostate cancer increased from 1.73 (95% CI = 1.69 to 1.76) in 2011 to 1.87 (95% CI = 1.83 to 1.92) in 2012 and has remained elevated, driven by differences in localized tumor incidence. Metastatic disease incidence is rising across all racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions The frequency of prostate cancer screening varies by race and ethnicity, and there was a modestly steeper decline in PSA testing among younger NHB men relative to NHW men since 2012. The NHB to NHW IRR for localized prostate cancer modestly increased following 2012.


2004 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anssi Auvinen ◽  
Liisa Määttänen ◽  
Patrik Finne ◽  
Ulf-Håkan Stenman ◽  
Jussi Aro ◽  
...  

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