scholarly journals Prostate Cancer Screening in the Workplace

AAOHN Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Snyder ◽  
Peggy N. Schrammel ◽  
Claudia B. Griffiths ◽  
Robert I. Griffiths

Recognition of the mortality and morbidity associated with prostate cancer has resulted in employer based screening programs. This retrospective cohort study identified the employer costs of prostate cancer screening and referrals due to abnormal test results. The subjects were 385 men enrolled in a workplace screening program at a single employer between 1993 and 1995. Screening consisted of digital rectal examination (DRE) annually for enrolled employees aged 40 years and older, plus annual prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing for those 50 and older, and those 40 and older and considered at high risk. Data related to the health care and lost productivity costs of screening and referrals for abnormal test results were collected and analyzed. The total cost of screening was $44,355, or approximately $56 per screening encounter (788 DREs; 437 PSAs). Abnormal screening tests resulted in 52 referrals. Upon further evaluation, 42% were found to have an enlargement, 29% a node, and 12% benign prostatic hyperplasia. Only one malignancy was found. The total cost of additional referrals was $31,815, or 42% of the cost of screening plus referrals. As the cost per screening encounter was low, prostate cancer screening in the workplace is an efficient alternative.

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Christopher Allard ◽  
Paul Yip ◽  
Ivan Blasutig ◽  
Karen Hersey ◽  
Neil Fleshner

Purpose: The percent free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may complementtotal PSA for prostate cancer screening, but is of no benefitfor monitoring patients with previous prostate cancer diagnoses. Atthe Princess Margaret Hospital, a tertiary cancer centre in Toronto,Ontario, Canada, PSA values in the range 4 to 10 ng/mL promptreflexive measurements of free PSA. We hypothesize that reflexivefree PSA testing at tertiary cancer centres generates unnecessarycosts as the test is often conducted on patients with previous diagnosesof prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We reviewed all reflexive free PSA measurementsconducted on a random sample of 250 men in a 10-yearperiod at our institution. We determined the clinical indicationsfor the PSA tests which triggered reflexive free PSA measurementsto estimate the proportion of free PSA tests that are not clinicallyindicated.Results: We reviewed the 1099 reflexive free PSA measurementsfor the 250 subjects. Of these tests, 562 (51%) were triggered byPSA tests ordered for screening/early detection, and 537 (49%)for monitoring.Conclusions: Of all reflexive free PSA tests, 49% were unnecessary.We conducted 3022 free PSA tests, at a cost of $5.84 pertest (Can$); the tests were performed in 2009 at this institution fora total cost of $17 648.48, about 49% of which ($8647.76) likelyrepresents unnecessary annual costs. We suggest a trial of userselectableorder sets allowing physicians to choose whether toinclude reflexive free PSA measurements on a case-by-case basis.This policy might improve the cost-effectiveness of the PSA test attertiary cancer centres.Objectif : Le pourcentage d’antigène prostatique spécifique (APS)libre peut compléter la mesure de l’APS total dans le dépistagedu cancer de la prostate, mais il n’est d’aucune utilité pour lasurveillance de patients ayant déjà reçu un diagnostic de cancerde la prostate. À l’hôpital Princess Margaret, un centre de soinsoncologiques tertiaires de Toronto, en Ontario (Canada), un tauxd’APS se situant entre 4 et 10 ng/mL entraîne systématiquementune évaluation des taux d’APS libre. Nous avançons l’hypothèseque la mesure de l’APS libre dans les centres de soins oncologiquestertiaires entraîne des dépenses inutiles car ce test est souventmené chez des patients ayant déjà reçu un diagnostic de cancerde la prostate.Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons examiné tous les cas de mesurede l’APS libre effectuée dans un échantillon aléatoire de 250 hommessur une période de 10 ans à notre établissement. Nous avonsvérifié les indications cliniques liées aux mesures de l’APS ayantentraîné une mesure de l’APS libre afin d’évaluer la proportionde ces mesures de l’APS libre qui n’étaient pas justifiées sur leplan clinique.Résultats : Chez les 250 sujets, 1099 mesures de l’APS libre ont étéeffectuées. Sur ces tests, 562 (51 %) ont fait suite à des mesuresde l’APS prescrites à des fins de dépistage/diagnostic précoce, et537 (49 %) à des fins de surveillance.Conclusions : De toutes les mesures de l’APS libre, 49 % n’étaientpas nécessaires; 3022 tests de mesure de l’APS libre, au coût de5,84 $ par test, ont été effectués en 2009 à notre établissement,pour un coût total de 17 648,48 $, dont environ 49 % – pour unmontant de 8647,76 $ – représente selon toute apparence desdépenses inutiles. Nous suggérons d’établir une règle basée sur lejugement clinique et permettant aux médecins de choisir d’inclureou non la mesure de l’APS libre au cas par cas. Une telle politiquepourrait améliorer la rentabilité des mesures de l’APS dans lescentres de soins oncologiques tertiaires.


2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4, jul-ago) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Martin Lajous ◽  
Matthew R Cooperberg ◽  
Jennifer Rider ◽  
Hugo Arturo Manzanilla-García ◽  
Fernando Bernardo Gabilondo-Navarro ◽  
...  

 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based early detection for prostate cancer is the subject of intense debate. Imple­mentation of organized prostate cancer screening has been challenging, in part because the PSA test is so amenable to opportunistic screening. To the extent that access to cancer screening tests increases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is an urgent need to thoughtfully evaluate existing and future cancer screening strategies to ensure benefit and control costs. We used Mexico’s prostate cancer screening efforts to illustrate the challenges LMICs face. We provide five considerations for policymakers for a smarter approach and implementation of PSA-based screening. 


Author(s):  
Kevin H Kensler ◽  
Claire H Pernar ◽  
Brandon A Mahal ◽  
Paul L Nguyen ◽  
Quoc-Dien Trinh ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing led to a decrease in prostate cancer screening, but the heterogeneity of its impact by race and ethnicity remains unclear. Methods The proportion of 40- to 74-year-old men who self-reported receiving a routine PSA test in the past year was estimated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2012-2018). Odds ratios (ORs) of undergoing screening by race and ethnicity were estimated, adjusting for healthcare–related factors. Prostate cancer incidence rates and rate ratios (IRRs) by race and ethnicity were estimated using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry data (2004-2017). Results PSA testing frequencies were 32.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 31.7% to 32.8%) among non-Hispanic White (NHW), 30.3% (95% CI = 28.3% to 32.3%) among non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 21.8% (95% CI = 19.9% to 23.7%) among Hispanic, and 17.7% (95% CI = 14.1% to 21.3%) among Asian and Pacific Islander men in 2012. The absolute screening frequency declined by 9.5% from 2012 to 2018, with a larger decline among NHB (11.6%) than NHW men (9.3%). The relative annual decrease was greater among NHB (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.88) than NHW men (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.90; Pheterogeneity = .005), driven by a larger decline among NHB men ages 40-54 years. The NHB to NHW IRR for total prostate cancer increased from 1.73 (95% CI = 1.69 to 1.76) in 2011 to 1.87 (95% CI = 1.83 to 1.92) in 2012 and has remained elevated, driven by differences in localized tumor incidence. Metastatic disease incidence is rising across all racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions The frequency of prostate cancer screening varies by race and ethnicity, and there was a modestly steeper decline in PSA testing among younger NHB men relative to NHW men since 2012. The NHB to NHW IRR for localized prostate cancer modestly increased following 2012.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas A. Karlsson ◽  
Shuang Hao ◽  
Alexandra Jauhiainen ◽  
K. Miriam Elfström ◽  
Lars Egevad ◽  
...  

Objectives The European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer found that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening reduced prostate cancer mortality, however the costs and harms from screening may outweigh any mortality reduction. Compared with screening using the PSA test alone, using the Stockholm3 Model (S3M) as a reflex test for PSA ≥ 1 ng/mL has the same sensitivity for Gleason score ≥ 7 cancers while the relative positive fractions for Gleason score 6 cancers and no cancer were 0.83 and 0.56, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of the S3M test has not previously been assessed. Methods We undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis from a lifetime societal perspective. Using a microsimulation model, we simulated for: (i) no prostate cancer screening; (ii) screening using the PSA test; and (iii) screening using the S3M test as a reflex test for PSA values ≥ 1, 1.5 and 2 ng/mL. Screening strategies included quadrennial re-testing for ages 55–69 years performed by a general practitioner. Discounted costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated. Results Comparing S3M with a reflex threshold of 2 ng/mL with screening using the PSA test, S3M had increased effectiveness, reduced lifetime biopsies by 30%, and increased societal costs by 0.4%. Relative to the PSA test, the S3M reflex thresholds of 1, 1.5 and 2 ng/mL had ICERs of 170,000, 60,000 and 6,000 EUR/QALY, respectively. The S3M test was more cost-effective at higher biopsy costs. Conclusions Prostate cancer screening using the S3M test for men with an initial PSA ≥ 2.0 ng/mL was cost-effective compared with screening using the PSA test alone.


2020 ◽  
pp. bjgp20X713957
Author(s):  
Ashley Kieran Clift ◽  
Carol Coupland ◽  
Julia Hippisley-Cox

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Interpretation of results from trials of screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are complex in terms of defining optimal prostate cancer screening policy. Aims: Assess the rates of, and factors associated with the uptake of PSA testing and opportunistic screening (PSA test in absence of symptoms) in England between 1998 and 2017. Estimate the likely rates of pre-randomisation screening and contamination (unscheduled screening in ‘control’ arm) of the UK-based Cluster Randomised Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer (“CAP”). Design and Setting: Open cohort study of men aged 40-75 years at cohort entry (1998-2017) undertaken using the QResearch database. Method: Eligible men were followed for up to 19-years. Rates of PSA testing and opportunistic PSA screening were calculated and Cox regression was used to estimate associations. Results: The cohort comprised 2,808,477 men, of whom 631,426 had a total of 1,720,855 PSA tests. We identified that 410,751 men had opportunistic PSA screening. Cumulative proportions of uptake of opportunistic screening in the cohort: 10% at 5yrs, 23% at 10yrs, and 44% at 19yrs of follow-up. The potential rate of contamination in the CAP control arm was estimated at 24.5%. Conclusions: A substantial number of men in England opt-in to opportunistic prostate cancer screening despite uncertainty regarding the efficacy and harms. The rate of opportunistic prostate cancer screening in the population is likely to have contaminated the CAP trial making it difficult to interpret the results.


2020 ◽  
pp. 096914132094190
Author(s):  
Meghan Gilfoyle ◽  
Ashok Chaurasia ◽  
John Garcia ◽  
Mark Oremus

Introduction To assess the association between perceived susceptibility of developing cancer and being screened via sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy and prostate-specific antigen, respectively. Methods Participants aged 35–69, who resided in Alberta, Canada, were enrolled into the study between 2000 and 2008. We used general linear mixed models, adjusted for age, marital status, work status, education, family history and place of residence, to explore the association. Results Perceived susceptibility of developing cancer was associated with both screening tests at baseline and a maximum of 14-year follow-up: (i) colorectal cancer screening – adjusted odds ratios were 1.97 (95% CI = 1.52–2.55) per one-unit increase in participants' personal belief in susceptibility to cancer, and 1.03 (95% CI = 1.00–1.04) per one-percent increase in participants’ estimate of their own chance of developing cancer; (ii) prostate cancer screening – adjusted odds ratios were 1.36 times greater (95% CI = 1.07–1.72), and 1.02 times higher (95% CI = 1.01–1.03), for each respective perceived susceptibility measure. Conclusion Health promotion can focus on targeting and heightening personal perceived susceptibility of developing cancer in jurisdictions with low screening rates for colorectal or prostate cancer.


2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Gonzalgo ◽  
H. Ballentine Carter

The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer screening has increased dramatically over the past decade. Determining the most efficient way to use PSA testing and how to interpret total PSA levels and changes in PSA values over time remain challenging. Guidelines for early detection of prostate cancer have a direct impact on the number of unnecessary tests performed and are critical for developing a successful screening approach for prostate cancer. The age at which PSA screening should begin, PSA testing intervals, and the importance of understanding fluctuations in PSA values over time are discussed in the framework of recent discoveries in the field. Results from ongoing randomized trials will confirm whether prostate cancer screening is an effective method for reducing deaths from prostate cancer and what approaches will provide the most cost-effective screening strategies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1870-4
Author(s):  
Hussein Saad Amin ◽  
Mostafafa Ahmed Arafa ◽  
Karim Hamda Farhat ◽  
Danny Munther Rabah ◽  
Abdulaziz Abdullah Altaweel ◽  
...  

Background: Men over 50 should discuss the benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing with their doctors. Objectives: To investigate whether shared decision making (SDM) increases the uptake of prostate cancer screening prac- tices among Saudi men. Methods: This community-based study recruited men aged ≥ 50 years between January and April 2019. Sociodemographic characteristics, history, and current medical condition information were collected. SDM information with regards to prostate cancer screening was discussed. Results: In total, 2034 Saudi men, aged between 50 and 88 years, agreed to participate in the current study. Prostate exam- ination for early detection of cancer was recommended for 35.4% (720) of subjects. Of the subjects, 23.3% (473) reported that the physicians discussed the advantages and benefits of PSA testing, whereas only 5.6% (114) stated that the physicians explained the disadvantages and drawbacks of PSA testing. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that less than one fourth discussed the advantages and disadvantages of PSA testing with their physicians; of these, less than one third underwent PSA blood tests. Improvements are needed in SDM for and against PSA screening. SDM does not affect the intensity of PSA testing. Primary health care physicians should be actively involved in the SDM process. Keywords: Decision making; prostate cancer screening; low prevalence countries.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Keeney ◽  
Howard Thom ◽  
Emma Turner ◽  
Richard M Martin ◽  
Josie Morley ◽  
...  

Abstract Background There is currently no formal prostate cancer screening programme in the UK. Early detection using age-based prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is unlikely to be cost-effective due to limited mortality benefit and harms associated with overdetection. However, the discovery of new prostate cancer specific biomarkers and more accurate diagnostic strategies (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) could improve the outcomes of screening. A systematic review was conducted to assess the evidence base on cost-effectiveness of such innovations and areas for further development. Methods To identify model-based economic evaluations of screening and diagnostic tests for prostate cancer, a systematic review of the literature using the NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Medline, EMBASE, HTA databases, NICE guidelines, and UK National Screening Committee guidance was carried out, between 2009 and 2019. Relevant data were extracted on study type, model inputs, modelling methods and cost-effectiveness conclusions and the results narratively synthesized. Results Sixteen studies were included in the review. Seven studies compared the cost-effectiveness of new urinary or blood biomarkers compared to each other or the PSA test and found the biomarkers e.g. the Prostate Health Index (PHI) and SelectMDx, to be the most cost-effective. Seven studies compared newer prostate biopsy methods, including MRI-guided, to TRUS guided biopsy and found MRI-guided methods to be most cost-effective. The newer detection methods showed a reduction in unnecessary biopsies and overtreatment. However, there was uncertainty around the most cost-effective pathway of follow-up strategies (MRI/biomarkers) in men who have a negative initial biopsy. Many studies did not model stage or grade of cancer, cancer progression or the entire testing, screening and treatment pathway. Very few studies fully accounted for uncertainty in their analysis. Conclusions This review brings together the cost-effectiveness literature for novel screening and testing methods used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Several limitations of the published models were identified. The models generally either compared new biomarkers or new imaging techniques which highlights the importance of future work in this area, as biomarkers and imaging are likely to be used in combination.


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