Does Botulinum Toxin have a role in the treatment of small angle esotropia?

Recent work has drawn attention to the possibilities that small angle electron scattering offers as a source of information about the micro-structure of vacuum condensed films. In particular, this serves as a good detector of discontinuities within the films. A review of a kinematical theory describing the small angle scattering from a thin film composed of discrete particles packed close together will be presented. Such a model could be represented by a set of cylinders packed side by side in a two dimensional fluid-like array, the axis of the cylinders being normal to the film and the length of the cylinders becoming the thickness of the film. The Fourier transform of such an array can be regarded as a ring structure around the central beam in the plane of the film with the usual thickness transform in a direction normal to the film. The intensity profile across the ring structure is related to the radial distribution function of the spacing between cylinders.

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Small-Angle Electron Scattering (SAES) of Polymers

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100117467 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 78-79

Author(s):

Ralph Oralor ◽

Pamela Lloyd ◽

Satish Kumar ◽

W. W. Adams

Keyword(s):

Electron Scattering ◽

Small Angle ◽

Angular Resolution ◽

Structural Features ◽

Objective Lens ◽

High Angular Resolution ◽

Push Button ◽

First Case ◽

Diffraction Mode ◽

Very High

Small angle electron scattering (SAES) has been used to study structural features of up to several thousand angstroms in polymers, as well as in metals. SAES may be done either in (a) long camera mode by switching off the objective lens current or in (b) selected area diffraction mode. In the first case very high camera lengths (up to 7Ø meters on JEOL 1Ø ØCX) and high angular resolution can be obtained, while in the second case smaller camera lengths (approximately up to 3.6 meters on JEOL 1Ø ØCX) and lower angular resolution is obtainable. We conducted our SAES studies on JEOL 1ØØCX which can be switched to either mode with a push button as a standard feature.

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Botulinum Toxin Injection Therapy for Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders ◽

10.1044/vvd14.1.10 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 10-12

Author(s):

Christy L. Ludlow

Keyword(s):

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Botulinum Toxin Injection ◽

Injection Therapy ◽

Spasmodic Dysphonia

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Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd21.1.15 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Merete Bakke ◽

Allan Bardow ◽

Eigild Møller

Keyword(s):

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Side Effects ◽

Health Risk ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Clinical Evidence ◽

Acetylcholine Release ◽

Psychosocial Problems ◽

Rate Reduction ◽

Local Inhibition ◽

Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

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