Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Merete Bakke ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Eigild Møller
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

Probiotics for the Chemoprotective Role Against the Toxic Effect of Cancer Chemotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aafrin Waziri ◽  
Charu Bharti ◽  
Mohammed Aslam ◽  
Parween Jamil ◽  
Aamir Mirza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
High Degree

Background: The processes of chemo- and radiation therapy-based clinical management of different types of cancers are associated with toxicity and side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. So, there is always an unmet need to explore agents to reduce such risk factors. Among these, natural products have generated much attention because of their potent antioxidant and antitumor effects. In the past, some breakthrough outcomes established that various bacteria in the human intestinal gut are bearing growth-promoting attributes and suppressing the conversion of pro-carcinogens into carcinogens. Hence, probiotics integrated approaches are nowadays being explored as rationalized therapeutics in the clinical management of cancer. Methods: Here, published literature was explored to review chemoprotective roles of probiotics against toxic and side effects of chemotherapeutics. Results: Apart from excellent anti-cancer abilities, probiotics are bearing and alleviate toxicity and side effects of chemotherapeutics, with a high degree of safety and efficiency. Conclusion: Preclinical and clinical evidence suggested that due to the chemoprotective roles of probiotics against side effects and toxicity of chemotherapeutics, their integration in chemotherapy would be a judicious approach.

scholarly journals Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in pain treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Cholinergic Synapse ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Myofascial Syndrome

Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent molecule known to mankind. A neurotoxin, with high affinity for cholinergic synapse, is effectively capable of inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. On the other hand, botulinum toxin is therapeutically used for several musculoskeletal disorders. Although most of the therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin is due to temporary skeletal muscle relaxation (mainly due to inhibition of the acetylcholine release), other effects on the nervous system are also investigated. One of the therapeutically investigated areas of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the treatment of pain. At present, it is used for several chronic pain diseases, such as myofascial syndrome, headaches, arthritis, and neuropathic pain. Although the effect of botulinum toxin in pain is mainly due to its effect on cholinergic transmission in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, research suggests that botulinum toxin can also provide benefits related to effects on cholinergic control of cholinergic nociceptive and antinociceptive systems. Furthermore, evidence suggests that botulinum toxin can also affect central nervous system (CNS). In summary, botulinum toxin holds great potential for pain treatments. It may be also useful for the pain treatments where other methods are ineffective with no side effect(s). Further studies will establish the exact analgesic mechanisms, efficacy, and complication of botulinum toxin in chronic pain disorders, and to some extent acute pain disorders.

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO HIDRÁULICA DE GOTEJADORES AUTOCOMPENSANTES EXPOSTOS À APLICAÇÃO DINÂMICA DE CLORO LIVRE (Parte II)

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-425
Author(s):  
Rubens Duarte Coelho ◽  
Marconi Batista Teixeira ◽  
Ralini Ferreira de Melo ◽  
Meiby Carneiro de Paulo
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
The University ◽  
Effect Of Chlorine

CARACTERIZAÇÃO HIDRÁULICA DE GOTEJADORES AUTOCOMPENSANTES EXPOSTOS À APLICAÇÃO DINÂMICA DE CLORO LIVRE (Parte II)  Rubens Duarte Coelho1; Marconi Batista Teixeira1; Ralini Ferreira de Mélo1; Meiby Carneiro de Paula21Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP,  [email protected] genético e reprodução animal, IAPAR – Estação Experimental da Faz. Modelo, Ponta Grossa, PR  1 RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização hidráulica de 14 modelos de gotejadores autocompensantes, quanto ao efeito do cloro na redução de vazão, causada pela aplicação dinâmica de 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre, e o efeito linear de redução de vazão para dosagens e tempos de aplicação calculados a partir da dosagem padrão de 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre. Utilizou-se uma bancada de ensaios em estrutura metálica com 11,0 m x 4,0 m, instalada no Laboratório de Irrigação do DER– ESALQ/USP. Semanalmente, foi feita a coleta de água utilizando o método gravimétrico para todos os emissores presentes na linha gotejadora de cada um dos modelos estudados. Os modelos de gotejadores ensaiados apresentaram sensibilidade variável à aplicação de cloro livre. Ocorreu um decréscimo de 10 a 20% em média da vazão (L h-1) para a maior parte dos emissores, com exceção do modelo E que apresentou aproximadamente 90% de redução de vazão com 2688 h de funcionamento e redução drástica de vazão na ordem de 100% em virtude do bloqueio total do orifício para o emissor I. Embora o efeito da dosagem de cloro tenha sido linear, não se observaram alterações na vazão dos gotejadores com a aplicação de 10 mg L-1 de cloro livre. UNITERMOS: cloração, emissores autocompensantes, entupimento de emissores.  COELHO, R. D.; TEIXEIRA, M. B.; MÉLO, R. F. de; PAULA, M. C. de. HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPENSATING EMITTERS EXPOSED TO FREE CHLORINE DYNAMIC APPLICATION (PART II)  2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the hydraulic characterization of 14 compensating emitters regarding the effect of chlorine on the reduction of the flow rate and the linear effect of flow rate reduction at different times and dosages. The reduction of the flow rate was caused by the dynamic application of 100 mg L-1 of free chlorine. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions in a metal bench (11.0 m x 4,.0 m) at the University of São Paulo Brazil. Emitter flow was evaluated weekly using the gravimetric method. The studied emitter models presented varying sensitivity to the application of free chlorine. An average reduction of 10 to 20% in the flow rate (L h-1) for most   emitters was observed. The “E” model presented a reduction of 90% in the flow rate over 2,688 operation hours. The “I” model presented a sharp reduction of flow rate on the order of 100% (total clogging). Although the linear effect of chlorine dosage was present in all models, changes in the flow rate among the emitters during chlorine application of 10 mg L-1 were not observed. KEY WORDS: chlorination, compensating emitters, emitter clogging. 

Oestrogen treatment of adolescent tall girls; short term side effects

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S170-S173 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLAV TRYGSTAD
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Therapy ◽  
Tall Girls ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ethinyl Oestradiol

Abstract In 1980-1985 680 preadolescent tall girls were treated with pharmacological doses of oestrogen to reduce final height. Indications for the therapy were predicted final height >+2.5 SD (180.75 cm), idiopathic scoliosis, and psychosocial problems. Until 1976 141 girls were given diethyl stilboestrol 5 mg daily. By advice of Prader this was then replaced by ethinyl oestradiol and a progestin was given on days 5-10 each month. The mean duration of therapy was close to 2 years. The observed short-term unwanted effects were due to the pharmacological actions of the drugs, (11 girls had galactorrhoea at the end of therapy; no pituitary prolactionoma was observed) or events happening by chance.

scholarly journals Importance of genomic studies for drug withdrawal with mental toxicities

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Yong Lu ◽  
Ting-Ren Lu
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Drug Withdrawal ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Status ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
New Drug Development ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Incident Rate

Undesired side-effects and toxicities of drugs, especially in the area of new-drug development, are negligibleless, unpredicable and often disastrous once being encountered. The suicidal behavior caused by antidepressant treatment is a typical of clinical evidence recently being discovered. We previously hypothesized that patients’ genetic status would decide the suicidal incident rate of antidepressants - it is pharmacogenetics of antidepressants may contribute of this toxicity in patients. In this review, we discuss this problem by comparing many strings of pharmacogenomics evidence of antidepressants recently being published with many other strings of evidence such as drug withdrawal with hepatotoxicity. We argue herein that pharmacogenetics may be very useful in drug withdrawal for mental toxicity. Because this is low-incidence toxicities, which are more reliable on human’s genetic characteristics. We stress the importance of genomics studies for drug withdrawal in future.

Botulinum Toxin (Botox) to Enhance Facial Macroesthetics: A Literature Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarosh F. Dastoor ◽  
Carl E. Misch ◽  
Hom-Lay Wang
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Muscle Paralysis ◽  
Case Selection

Abstract Dental implants have emerged as a predictable treatment option for partial edentulism. Their ability to preserve bone and soft tissue yields highly esthetic results in the long term. Increasingly, patients are demanding not only enhancements to their dental (micro) esthetics but also to their overall facial (macro) esthetics. Dynamic wrinkles (caused by hyperfunctional muscles) in the perioral, glabellar, and forehead regions can cause a patient's expressions to be misinterpreted as angry, anxious, fearful, or fatigued. An emerging treatment option to address these issues is the use of a paralyzing material such as botulinum toxin A (Botox) to decrease the appearance of the wrinkles, which yields a more esthetic and youthful facial appearance. Botox is a deadly poison that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and causes muscle paralysis by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. When used in areas of hyperfunctional muscles, a transient partial paralysis occurs that diminishes the appearances of wrinkles, Therefore, wrinkles not attributable to hyperfunctional muscles (eg, wrinkles caused by aging, gravity, photodamage, trauma, and scarring) will not be amenable to treatment with the toxin. As a result, proper case selection is essential. A thorough understanding of the indications, techniques, dosages, and complications and their management is imperative to achieve a satisfactory result. This article will review the pathogenesis of facial wrinkles as well as the history, techniques, clinical controversies, and other important considerations for successful treatment of facial wrinkles with Botox.

scholarly journals MEDICINAL HERBS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION: A REVIEW

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
APOORVA HA ◽  
SEEMA MEHDI ◽  
KRISHNA KL ◽  
NABEEL K
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Well Being ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Primary Hypothesis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Additional Option

Depression is a condition of no mood and loss of interest in any activity that can diminish a person’s thinking, conduct, tendencies, emotional state, and a sense of well-being. Although there is a conventional class of medication which have been beneficial in the treatment of depression, current studies have reported having side effects which can be minimized by the intervention of herbs and phytochemicals. Most of the studies have proven the various mechanisms and have started to research a very ground-breaking method by glancing the ancient treatmen. Where this new approach of using the herbs and phytochemicals has shown better results alone and in combination with conventional drugs which has shown lesser adverse effects. The practice of phytomedicine is an additional option for the treatment of depression. In the various segments of treating the depression, the mainstream can be a breakthrough including phytoconstituents. In this aspect, there are many contributions for the treatment of the depression acting to the neuronal level signaling and the phytoconstituents also have shown some basic mechanisms in the treatment of depression as that of the conventional medications following some primary hypothesis and signaling pathways and life interactions that effects the brain in either way to treat the depression in all sort of way. Clinical evidence is required to provide backing to the safety and effectiveness of herbs and phytochemicals alone or in combination with currently available drugs to overcome the reported side effects during the treatment of depression.

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