Diseases of Ailanthus excelsa (Indian Tree of Heaven)

In May Sinclair’s fiction, images of sacrifice abound. From the self-abnegating Katherine Haviland in Audrey Craven (1897) to the eponymous antiheroine of The Life and Death of Harriett Frean (1922), Sinclair’s central characters seem to be eternally struggling with the issue of renunciation. The treatment of the theme is heterogeneous in many of Sinclair’s texts, not least in the novel The Tree of Heaven, which both condemns and praises personal sacrifice for a higher or communal purpose. This displays a fundamental insecurity about the nature, function and value of sacrifice. It is this ambivalence, which underlies so much of Sinclair’s fiction, in combination with the individual mixture of philosophies in her work, that will be explored here. This chapter investigates the concept of sacrifice in the war novel The Tree of Heaven and how it is connected to community and feminism. In order to find an understanding of sacrifice as proposed by Sinclair, and its meaning in the lives of both women and men in the context of early 20th century England, the chapter discusses the crossroads in the text between sacrifice, idealism, feminism, and the nation-wide feeling of community that appears to be required in wartime.

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Ethanol Extracts of Oenothera laciniata sprout, Equisetum arvense L., and Ailanthus altissima Leaves Improve Antioxidant Activities in D-galactose Induced Aging Rat Model

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 94-94

Author(s):

Hyoeun Yoo ◽

Hyun-Sook Kim ◽

Hyunjin Kim ◽

Songhee Ahn ◽

Xiangqin Zhou

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Rat Model ◽

Ailanthus Altissima ◽

Control Group ◽

Equisetum Arvense ◽

Evening Primrose ◽

Tree Of Heaven ◽

Aging Rat ◽

Antioxidative Effects ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Abstract Objectives Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L., EAL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) leaves are all reported to be rich of flavonoids. This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effects of Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) leaves ethanol extracts in d-galactose induced aging rat model. Methods After 3weeks of adaptation period, 12-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5 each): Control group (C), D-galactose induced aging group (G), D-galactose injection with tomato treatment positive control group (PC), D-galactose injection with OL treatment group (O), D-galactose injection with EAL treatment group (E), D-galactose injection with AA treatment group (A). All groups except C group were intraperitoneally injected with D-galactose for 12 weeks and C group was treated with saline as a substitute. Results After 8 weeks of oral treatment period, there was no significant difference in body weight among six groups. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration levels increased significantly in G group compared to C group (P < 0.05). Serum advanced glycation end (AGE) concentration levels decreased significantly in O group and A group compared to G group (P < 0.05). Liver MDA level decreased significantly in O, E, A groups compared to G group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) extract consumption can ameliorate antioxidative activities by suppressing oxidative stress in d-galactose induced aging rat model. Further research is under progress to clarify the mechanism of antioxidative effects. Funding Sources This study was partly funded and cooperated by Ministry of Commerce Industry and Energy.

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