Silks from Insects—From Natural Diversity to Applications

2014 ◽  
pp. 386-410
Keyword(s):  
Natural Diversity

scholarly journals Natural Diversity in Stomatal Features of Cultivated and Wild Oryza Species

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolly Chatterjee ◽  
Vivek Thakur ◽  
Robert Nepomuceno ◽  
Robert A. Coe ◽  
Jacqueline Dionora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Species ◽  
Natural Diversity ◽  
Wild Oryza Species

scholarly journals Urban Ecological Restoration

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Gobster
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Fixed Set ◽  
Natural Diversity ◽  
Urban Ecological Restoration

What does ecological restoration mean in an urban context? More than half of the world’s population now lives in cities, and in response to the dynamic patterns of urbanization, a growing number of ecologists, land managers, and volunteers are focusing their efforts in and around cities to restore remnants of natural diversity (Ingram 2008). Ecological restoration is still a quite youthful field, yet many scientists and practitioners hold a relatively fixed set of criteria for what defines a successful restoration project, irrespective of where sites are located. Among the criteria commonly stated, sites should be composed of indigenous species, have a structure and diversity characteristic of currently undisturbed or historically documented “reference” sites, and be maintained through ecological processes such as fire that ensure long-term sustainability with minimal human assistance (Ruiz-Jaén and Aide 2005; SER International 2004). Application of these criteria has led to many ecologically successful restorations, but some ecologists in the field have begun to question whether the same standards can be realistically applied to sites such as those within urban areas that have been radically altered by past human activity (e.g., Martínez and López-Barerra 2008) or are being influenced by novel conditions that result in unpredictable trajectories (Choi 2007). Perhaps more significantly, it is becoming increasingly recognized that the broader viability of restoration projects, especially those in urban areas, hinges on how socially successful they are in gaining public acceptance for restoration activities and practices, building constituencies to assist with implementation and maintenance, and addressing a broader set of sustainability goals that reach beyond the protection of native biodiversity (e.g., Choi et al. 2008; Hobbs 2007; Rosenzweig 2003).

Biodiversity and agricultural landscapes: Can the wicked policy problems be solved?

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Natural Diversity ◽  
Policy Problems ◽  
Apparent Conflict

Conservation issues for agricultural landscapes are typical examples of "wicked" public policy problems: that is, ones in which questions are not clearly defined, and there is apparent conflict between different sets of values, all of which are legitimate. The paper argues that how to protect intrinsic value in nature is itself a wicked policy problem, complicated by the fact that at least three different senses of "intrinsic value" are easily confused. The challenge for policy in Australian agriculture is how to protect remaining natural values by processes that are fair to stakeholders, governed by scientific credibility and sensitive to the plurality of values held by groups within the community. The paper argues that scientists themselves can play an important role not just in problem definition, but also in helping set the agenda for action that will be effective in preserving natural diversity.

Natural diversity of aminotransferases and dehydrogenase activity in a large collection of Lactococcus lactis strains

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1103-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Brandsma ◽  
E. Floris ◽  
A.R.D. Dijkstra ◽  
L. Rijnen ◽  
J.A. Wouters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Natural Diversity

scholarly journals Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Patterns of Two Diversity Levels Retrieved From a Late Decaying Fagus sylvatica Under Two Temperature Regimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Muszynski ◽  
Florian Maurer ◽  
Sina Henjes ◽  
Marcus A. Horn ◽  
Matthias Noll
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Natural Diversity

Environmental fluctuations are a common occurrence in an ecosystem, which have an impact on organismic diversity and associated ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to investigate how a natural and a species richness-reduced wood decaying community diversity were capable of decomposing Fagus sylvatica dead wood under a constant and a fluctuating temperature regime. Therefore, microcosms with both diversity levels (natural and species richness-reduced) were prepared and incubated for 8 weeks under both temperature regimes. Relative wood mass loss, wood pH, carbon dioxide, and methane emissions, as well as fungal and bacterial community compositions in terms of Simpson‘s diversity, richness and evenness were investigated. Community interaction patterns and co-occurrence networks were calculated. Community composition was affected by temperature regime and natural diversity caused significantly higher mass loss than richness-reduced diversity. In contrast, richness-reduced diversity increased wood pH. The bacterial community composition was less affected by richness reduction and temperature regimes than the fungal community composition. Microbial interaction patterns showed more mutual exclusions in richness-reduced compared to natural diversity as the reduction mainly reduced abundant fungal species and disintegrated previous interaction patterns. Microbial communities reassembled in richness-reduced diversity with a focus on nitrate reducing and dinitrogen-fixing bacteria as connectors in the network, indicating their high relevance to reestablish ecosystem functions. Therefore, a stochastic richness reduction was followed by functional trait based reassembly to recover previous ecosystem productivity.

Natural diversity and genetic control of fruit sensory quality.

2014 ◽  
pp. 228-245
Author(s):  
B. Quilot-Turion ◽  
M. Causse
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Natural Diversity

scholarly journals Diversity of Secondary Metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans Clinical Isolates

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Drott ◽  
R. W. Bastos ◽  
A. Rokas ◽  
L. N. A. Ries ◽  
T. Gabaldón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Natural Diversity

ABSTRACT The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans has been a primary workhorse used to understand fungal genetics. Much of this work has focused on elucidating the genetics of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and the secondary metabolites (SMs) they produce. SMs are both niche defining in fungi and of great economic importance to humans. Despite the focus on A. nidulans, very little is known about the natural diversity in secondary metabolism within this species. We determined the BGC content and looked for evolutionary patterns in BGCs from whole-genome sequences of two clinical isolates and the A4 reference genome of A. nidulans. Differences in BGC content were used to explain SM profiles determined using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that in addition to genetic variation of BGCs contained by all isolates, nine BGCs varied by presence/absence. We discovered the viridicatumtoxin BGC in A. nidulans and suggest that this BGC has undergone a horizontal gene transfer from the Aspergillus section Nigri lineage into Penicillium sometime after the sections Nigri and Nidulantes diverged. We identified the production of viridicatumtoxin and several other compounds previously not known to be produced by A. nidulans. One isolate showed a lack of sterigmatocystin production even though it contained an apparently intact sterigmatocystin BGC, raising questions about other genes and processes known to regulate this BGC. Altogether, our work uncovers a large degree of intraspecies diversity in BGC and SM production in this genetic model species and offers new avenues to understand the evolution and regulation of secondary metabolism. IMPORTANCE Much of what we know about the genetics underlying secondary metabolite (SM) production and the function of SMs in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans comes from a single reference genome. A growing body of research indicates the importance of biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and SM diversity within a species. However, there is no information about the natural diversity of secondary metabolism in A. nidulans. We discovered six novel clusters that contribute to the considerable variation in both BGC content and SM production within A. nidulans. We characterize a diverse set of mutations and emphasize how findings of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), deletions, and differences in evolutionary history encompass much of the variation observed in nonmodel systems. Our results emphasize that A. nidulans may also be a strong model to use within-species diversity to elucidate regulatory cross talk, fungal ecology, and drug discovery systems.

Bioprospecting for brewers: Exploiting natural diversity for naturally diverse beers

Yeast ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco A. Cubillos ◽  
Brian Gibson ◽  
Nubia Grijalva‐Vallejos ◽  
Kristoffer Krogerus ◽  
Jarkko Nikulin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Diversity
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