Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment

2015 ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Anthony Okoh ◽  
Thulani Sibanda ◽  
Siyabulela Gusha
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

scholarly journals Monitoring human enteric viruses in wastewater and relevance to infections encountered in the clinical setting: a one-year experiment in central France, 2014 to 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Bisseux ◽  
Jonathan Colombet ◽  
Audrey Mirand ◽  
Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso ◽  
Florence Abravanel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation

Background Human enteric viruses are resistant in the environment and transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Viral shedding in wastewater gives the opportunity to track emerging pathogens and study the epidemiology of enteric infectious diseases in the community. Aim: The aim of this study was to monitor the circulation of enteric viruses in the population of the Clermont-Ferrand area (France) by analysis of urban wastewaters. Methods: Raw and treated wastewaters were collected between October 2014 and October 2015 and concentrated by a two-step protocol using tangential flow ultrafiltration and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Processed samples were analysed for molecular detection of adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, parechovirus, enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses. Results: All wastewater samples (n = 54) contained viruses. On average, six and four virus species were detected in, respectively, raw and treated wastewater samples. EV-positive samples were tested for EV-D68 to assess its circulation in the community. EV-D68 was detected in seven of 27 raw samples. We collected data from clinical cases of EV-D68 (n = 17), HAV (n = 4) and HEV infection (n = 16) and compared wastewater-derived sequences with clinical sequences. We showed the silent circulation of EV-D68 in September 2015, the wide circulation of HAV despite few notifications of acute disease and the presence in wastewater of the major HEV subtypes involved in clinical local cases. Conclusion: The environmental surveillance overcomes the sampling bias intrinsic to the study of infections associated with hospitalisation and allows the detection in real time of viral sequences genetically close to those reported in clinical specimens.

Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Robert Plante ◽  
Patrick Cejka
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria occurrence and removal were studied for a period of 6 months at the Montreal Urban Community wastewater treatment facility. With a capacity of about 7.6 million cubic metres per day (two billion U.S. gallons per day), it is the largest primary physico-chemical treatment plant in America. The plant discharges a nondisinfected effluent containing about 20 mg/L of suspended matter and 0.5 mg/L of total phosphorus on the basis of average annual concentrations. BDO5 (annual mean) is 75 mg/L before treatment and 32 mg/L after treatment. Samples were collected for a period of 6 months, and they demonstrated that the plant was not efficient at removing indicator bacteria and the pathogens tested. Fecal coliforms were the most numerous of the indicator bacteria and their removal averaged 25%. Fecal streptococci removal was 29%, while Escherichia coli removal was 12%. In untreated sewage, fecal coliforms, E. coli, and human enteric viruses were more numerous in summer and early autumn. Fecal streptococci counts remained relatively similar throughout the period. Clostridium perfringens removal averaged 51%. Giardia cysts levels were not markedly different throughout the study period, and 76% of the cysts were removed by treatment. Cryptosporidium oocyst counts were erratic, probably due to the methods, and removal was 27%. Human enteric viruses were detected in all samples of raw and treated wastewater with no removal observed (0%). Overall, the plant did not perform well for the removal of fecal indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, or parasite cysts. Supplementary treatment and disinfection were recommended to protect public health. Various alternatives are being evaluated.

Removal of human enteric viruses and indicator microorganisms from domestic wastewater by aerated lagoons

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Locas ◽  
Veronica Martinez ◽  
Pierre Payment
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

Aerated lagoons offer a low-cost and simple approach to treating domestic wastewater in small municipalities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate, for each cell in the lagoons, the removal of indicator microorganisms and human enteric viruses under warm (summer) and cold (early spring) conditions. The two sites are located in southwest Quebec, Canada. Samples were assayed for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens , somatic and male-specific coliphages, and culturable human enteric viruses (HEV). The results show higher removal under warm ambient conditions for all microorganisms. Thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci were removed to a greater extent than C. perfringens and HEV. HEV removal was only observed in warm ambient conditions. The removal of coliphages was different from the observed removal of HEV. The use of coliphages as surrogates for HEV has been proposed, but this does not seem appropriate for aerated lagoons, as the removal of coliphages overestimates the removal of HEV. Given the low observed removal of HEV during this study, the effluents remain a significant source of pathogens that can affect drinking water treatment plants drawing their raw water from receiving streams. Ultraviolet disinfection of treated wastewater effluent is a possible solution.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Human Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and Drinking Water Resources in Southern Ghana

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Gibson ◽  
Yayi Guo ◽  
James T. Schissler ◽  
Melissa C. Opryszko ◽  
Kellogg J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Southern Ghana

Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in Quebec, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Locas ◽  
Christine Barthe ◽  
Benoit Barbeau ◽  
Annie Carrière ◽  
Pierre Payment
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

A 1 year study was undertaken on groundwater that was a source of drinking water in the province of Quebec, Canada. Twelve municipal wells (raw water) were sampled monthly during a 1 year period, for a total of 160 samples. Using historic data, the 12 sites were categorized into 3 groups: group A (no known contamination), group B (sporadically contaminated by total coliforms), and group C (historic and continuous contamination by total coliforms and (or) fecal coliforms). Bacterial indicators (total coliform, Escherichia coli , enteroccoci), viral indicators (somatic and male-specific coliphages), total culturable human enteric viruses, and noroviruses were analyzed at every sampling site. Total coliforms were the best indicator of microbial degradation, and coliform bacteria were always present at the same time as human enteric viruses. Two samples contained human enteric viruses but no fecal pollution indicators (E. coli, enterococci, or coliphages), suggesting the limited value of these microorganisms in predicting the presence of human enteric viruses in groundwater. Our results underline the value of historic data in assessing the vulnerability of a well on the basis of raw water quality and in detecting degradation of the source. This project allowed us to characterize the microbiologic and virologic quality of groundwater used as municipal drinking water sources in Quebec.

Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in French Polynesian Wastewaters, Environmental Waters and Giant Clams

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Kaas ◽  
Leslie Ogorzaly ◽  
Gaël Lecellier ◽  
Véronique Berteaux-Lecellier ◽  
Henry-Michel Cauchie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Giant Clams ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses
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