Removal performance for thermotolerant coliforms and fecal streptococci from dairy effluents by Kenadsa’s natural green clay (Bechar-Algeria) in a fixed-bed column

This present work is a part of the liquid discharges treatment topic by studying the removal performance for thermotolerant coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (F.Strep) by a local natural light green clay from Kenadsa (Bechar-Algeria) under continuous adsorption processes in a fixed-bed column. The study estimated the clay adsorbing efficiency by the adsorption technique for bacteria contaminating the dairy effluent by determining the bacterial load before and after treatment. The mean log counts per 100 ml for FC and F.Strep were assessed by MPN method on liquid medium. The clay material characterizations were made through X-ray diffraction, X fluorescence spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Besides, some parameters were estimated such as the breakthrough time tb (clay filter breakdown); the amount of the contaminating bacteria that was removed at the breakthrough time Xb and the exhaustion of disinfection capacity Xe; the total amount of contaminating bacteria flowing through the column Xtotal; and the total removal efficiency (Y). According to the XRD, XRF and FTIR results, the predominant mineral constituents were silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and magnesium oxide with rates of 59,44; 18,09; 7,79; and 3,87%, respectively, and hence, their classification among non-swelling clay minerals, illite is the major mineral group of this material. The results of the bacteriological analysis of raw dairy effluents showed an average bacterial load of 3,88 Log10 and 4,1 Log10 CFU/100 mL for FC and F.Strep, respectively, exceeding the thresholds set by the national and the international regulations. The results of the dairy effluents treated by the tested material have shown that the used clay has a relatively high adsorption property for the clay fixed-bed system (3 cm of bed height), expressed by a total removed efficiency Y (%) of FC and F.Strep used to evaluate the column performance ranging from 55 to 84%. It gives a higher log removal for FC and F.Strep (0.98–1.65 Log10) reported from the first adsorption process, and a breakthrough time ranged from 100 to 250 min, which was inversely proportional to the initial bacterial load of discharges and also linked to the nature of the bacterial contaminants. When the breakthrough occurs earlier, the column service life will be shortened. For the studied parameters, the results of treated effluent complied with national and WHO regulations for unrestricted agricultural irrigation, otherwise, as authorized effluents to be discharged into nature without risks. These preliminary results are very promising at laboratory scale as an innovative green technology, treatment method respecting the environment and opens up prospects for the future, where the modification or the optimization of operating conditions such as the bed height of the fixed bed for adsorption, the volumetric flow rate or the clay structure like the particle size distribution of the adsorbents, known as one of the adsorbent classes endowed with an antimicrobial property, can improve the column performance, and further, the removal or even more the disinfection process by adsorption method.

Fecal pollution indicators removal by a vertical Multi-Soil-Layering system in domestic wastewater in Morocco

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of the vertical Multi-Soil-Layering filter (V-MSL) to remove indicators of fecal pollution from domestic wastewater under Moroccan conditions. To do this, a V-MSL filter measuring 20 cm deep, 60 cm wide, 78 cm high was installed near the guardian's house of the Razi’s middle school in Meknes to treat domestic wastewater. Three hydraulic loads (250 L/m2/day, 350 L/m2/day and 500 L/m2/day) were tested. This filter showed an average reduction of (97.5 ± 0.3)%, (97.7 ± 0.4)% and (96.0 ± 0.7)%, for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, respectively. The performance of the filter was not affected a lot when changing the hydraulic head from 250 L/m2/day to 500 L/m2/day. The bacterial load concentrations at the filter outlet are slightly higher than the WHO recommended standard (1000 CFU / 100mL) for reuse of wastewater in irrigation. To remedy this situation, we recommend the adoption of the principle of treatment of excreta at the source by the use of dry toilets and the treatment of gray water only by the V-MSL filter.

Bacterial pollution indicators associated in the tissues of an estuarine fish Mugil cephalus from Ashtamudi lake, a Ramsar site of Kerala, India

Fishes are continuously exposed to the microorganisms present in water and in the sediment. The present study was attempted to screen the pollution indicator bacteria in the tissues of an estuarine fish Mugil cephalus from Kureepuzha Backwater, a part of Ashtamudi Lake. Total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci were enumerated from the fish tissues using standard microbiological procedures. Comparison of bacterial count in the skin, gill and gut of Mugil cephalus revealed that highest count of indicator microbes were found in the skin followed by the gill and gut of fish from all sites except site 4. Fishes from site 4, they show bacteria predominantly in the gut. Two way Anova showed a significant difference in microbial count between sites and between tissues except Total heterotrophic bacteria and fecal streptococci between sites. Results of physico chemical parameters also supports that the anthropogenic activities accumulated in the study area, causing the disruption of hydrological quality of Lake and thus increases the load of detrimental microorganisms. Hence it is recommended that good processing of fish such as washing, scraping scales, removal of gills and gut contents and proper cooking help to reduce microbial pathogen in fish body and make it safe for consumption.

Factors Influencing the Concentration of Fecal Coliforms in Oysters in the River Blackwater Estuary, UK

Contamination of water systems can not only entail high risks to human health but can also result in economic losses due to closure of beaches and shellfish harvesting areas. Understanding the origin of fecal pollution at locations where shellfish are grown is essential in assessing associated health risks—as well as the determining actions necessary to remedy the problem. The aim of this work is to identify the species-specific source(s) of fecal contamination impacting waters overlying the shellfisheries in the Blackwater Estuary, East Anglia, UK. Over a twelve-month period, water samples were taken from above the oysters and from a variety of upstream points considered to be likely sources of fecal microorganism, together with oyster samples, and the number of fecal streptococci and E. coli were determined. Transition from low to high tide significantly decreased the concentration of fecal streptococci in waters overlying the oyster beds, indicative of a freshwater input of fecal pollution in oyster bed waters. In 12 months, the number of E. coli remained constant throughout, while fecal streptococci numbers were generally higher in the winter months. Analyses of upstream samples identified a sewage outfall to be the main source of E. coli to the oyster beds, with additional fecal streptococci from agricultural sources. The findings may assist in developing approaches for assessing the risks to shellfishery industries of various fecal inputs into an estuary, which could then help local governmental authorities address the problem.

Optimization shallow groundwater quality by the application of photocatalysis treatment technique in El Obour city, Egypt

Collection of shallow groundwater and injecting it into the underline Miocene aquifer is a great environmental problem on the groundwater resources at El Obour city and environs. The present research work aims to investigate this water quality and validity of photocatalytic treatment of polluted water using nano-titania in presence of solar radiation. Twenty-eight representative samples were collected from various locations and their physical, chemical and microbial characteristics were determined. Bacteria analysis has been investigated for the presence of total bacterial count and indicator bacteria include total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci. The heavy metal analysis shows that more than 85 % of the samples could be used for drinking in comparison with WHO specification for drinking water. The main pollutants in these samples are Cd and Pb. All the studied samples contain a viable count of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci, indicating the contamination with human and animal fecal material. The high number of indicator microorganism counts observed reflected the poor quality of water. The photocatalytic technique shows high efficiency towards the removal of more than 95 % and 82 % of microbial pollutants and organic residuals; respectively.

Evaluation of the Hygienic Quality of Raw Cow’s Milk in Oujda City Morocco

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological quality of raw cows’ milk of Oujda city. Raw milk samples are collected randomly between June 2014 and May 2015 from 20 Mahlaba (dairies) for microbiological evaluation. The samples are analyzed to determine total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total coliform, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus, fecal streptococci, proteolytic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. The results of bacterial count showed that there is a variation between all the milk samples and a period effect is also observed. The mean counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria from all sale points are between 1.76×106 and 40.17×106 CFU/ml. Milk samples reveled counts total coliform and fecal coliform ranging from 0.58×105 to 11.10×105 CFU/ml and from 0.60×103 to 14.64×103 CFU/ml, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus are also detected in all samples with counts ranging from 0.35 ×103 to 3.08×103 CFU/ml. Fecal streptococci are found in all milk samples, at counts ranging from 0.16 ×102 to 2.18 ×102 CFU/ml. And finally, proteolytic and lactic acid bacteria are between 0.3×103 and 2.86×103 CFU/ml and 2.37×106 and 24.14 ×106 CFU/ml respectively. These results indicate a lack of compliance with good manufacturing practice at milking, collection and transportation of raw milk.

Toxicological risks of water and human health, contribution to the biological treatments in the dam of Ain Zada

Background: Freshwater fish play a role in detoxification of certain germs and pathogens of bacteria. Variation of the content of pathogenic bacteria are, mainly, total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci in the study sites of the sampling period. The objective of this study is inventoried purifying species of dam of Ain Zada. Methods: The isolation of fecal coliform (CF) and total coliform (CT) was conducted by incorporation in agar of the five shot test (0,4 mL; 1 mL et 3 x 2 mL). The culture medium is the selective agar Mac Conkey (HIMEDIA, M083) coliforms. The enumeration of the colonies is done after 24 of incubation at 37°C for total coliforms and 44°C for fecal coliforms. The isolation of fecal streptococci (SF) is made by the same method but on the culture medium incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Counting of colonies is done on mailboxes where 100 to 300 colonies are developed. The average of colonies counted is then determined. The boxes do not contain at least 100 colonies, all of the colonies on all boxes are counted, taking into account the total volume inoculated in water. In the second part, there is an inventory of purifying fish at the Ain Zada dam level. Results: The result indicate that all the fish that play a role in the treatment of dam of Ain Zada (Bordj Bou Arreridj) who use these germs and bacteria as a food source. We registered the presence of a single family, with five (05) genera divided into seven (07) species, including the majority of alien species are Cyprinid fish: Sander lucioperca L., Ctenopharyngodon idella, Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Hypophtalmichthys nobilis. Conclusion: The Bousselam and Ouricia valleys feature heavily poor microbiological quality; exploitation of these waters could constitute a health hazard on dam Ain Zada. According to this study, the fish play a role of biological control.

EFFECT OF APPLICATION TREAEED WATER AND DRY SLUDGE ON SIIL CONTAMINATION WITH PATHOGENIC BACTREIA

Research was conducted to assess the effect of treated waste water and dry sludge application on soil contamination by some pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Fecal coliform and Fecal streptococci, which used as an indicator organisms for soil contamination by bathogenic bacteria. Composting sludge (T2) and non composting dry sludge (T1) applied to soil to assess the effect of compost of sludge on the number of pathogenic bacteria and soil contamination . Research consisted to identification and enumeration. The three pathogenic bacteria were examined at the mid and end of cultivation season. Factorial experiment with three replicate, using waste water treatment (W2) as a source of irrigation water, compared with tap water (W1).Composting sludge(T2) and non-composting sludge (T1), added and mixed with soil in three different levels 0, 30 , 60 ton .ha-1 .Pancium milicine was cultivated in pots weighted 10 Kg of silty clay loam soil. Results showed that the number of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fecal coliform and Fecal streptococci. Were increased significantly with soil irrigated with waste water treatment, giving 5.88, 5.48 and 5.37 log cfu g-1dry soil respectively,compared with tap water 4.45, 4.29 and 2.97 log cfu g-1dry soil respectively. Results showed also significantly increment in the number of pathogenic bacteria with increase rate of dry sludge utilized to soil. The rate 60 ton.ha-1 was the highest number of pathogenic bacteria in soil 6.21, 5.78 and 5.24 log cfu g-1dry soil respectively. Results showed reduced in the number of pathogenic bacteria in composting sludge compared with non-composting sludge, with reduced proportion of 9.78 , 6.67 and 8.50 % respectively.

Επιπτώσεις της υπόγειας άρδευσης με αστικά λύματα στη δημόσια υγεία και τις χημικές ιδιότητες του εδάφους

Το καθαρό νερό είναι ένας από τους κύριους παράγοντες που περιορίζουν τη γεωργική παραγωγή τροφίμων σε πολλές χώρες κυρίως γύρω από τη Μεσόγειο, οι οποίες αντιμετωπίζουν σοβαρή και συχνά εποχιακή έλλειψη νερού και η ανάγκη για εξεύρεση λύσης απασχολεί πολλές από αυτές. Η ανακύκλωση των αστικών λυμάτων και επαναχρησιμοποίηση είναι μια πολύ σημαντική λύση που συμβάλλει στην εξοικονόμηση νερού. Επίσης μπορεί να θεωρηθεί μια πολύτιμη πηγή θρεπτικών συστατικών για την γεωργία, συμβάλλοντας στη μείωση της χρησιμοποίησης των χημικών λιπασμάτων και την αύξηση της παραγωγικότητας της γεωργίας. Η ανάπτυξη της επαναχρησιμοποίησης είναι απαραίτητο να αποτρέπει τις αρνητικές επιπτώσεις στο περιβάλλον και τη δημόσια υγεία. Οι παθογόνοι παράγοντες που περιέχονται στα λύματα, αποτελούν κίνδυνο για την δημόσια υγεία ενώ η περιεκτικότητα τους σε ανόργανα και οργανικά στοιχεία μπορεί να μεταβάλει τις χημικές ιδιότητες του εδάφους. Για τον λόγο αυτό κατά την επαναχρησιμοποίηση θα πρέπει να λαμβάνονται υπόψη όλα τα υφιστάμενα προβλήματα. Η εφαρμογή των λυμάτων για άρδευση στην Γεωργία μέσω γραμμών υπόγειας άρδευσης είναι μια μέθοδος που θα μπορούσε ενδεχομένως να εξουδετερώσει τις υπάρχουσες ανησυχίες σχετικά με την δημόσια υγεία αλλά δεν αποτρέπει και τις ενδεχόμενες μεταβολές των χημικών συστατικών του εδάφους. Ο στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να εκτιμηθεί κατά πόσον η υπόγεια άρδευση με αστικά λύματα, ανεπεξέργαστα και επεξεργασμένα, μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί με μεγαλύτερη ασφάλεια και μείωση του κινδύνου της ανθρώπινης υγείας σε σχέση με το βάθος άρδευσης. Επίσης μελετήθηκαν οι μεταβολές των χημικών ιδιοτήτων μετά την άρδευση. Επιπλέον μελετήθηκαν και οι μεταβολές των χημικών συστατικών του εδάφους, σε σχέση με το σημείο του σταλάκτη κατά την άρδευση, σε δύο διαφορετικά βάθη. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν μικροβιολογικές και χημικές αναλύσεις. Εξετάστηκαν οι ομάδες βακτηρίων: Ολικά κολίμορφα (total coliforms) και E.coli), περιττωματικοί στρεπτόκοκκοι (Fecal streptococci), θειοαναγωγικά κλωστρίδια (sulfur reducing bacteria) και ολικά βακτήρια (total bacteria). Επίσης εξετάστηκαν οι μεταβολές στις χημικές ιδιότητες του εδάφους, καθώς και η μεταβολή της συγκέντρωσης των χημικών παραμέτρων, ως προς το σημείο που τοποθετήθηκε ο σταλάκτης. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι η εφαρμογή των ανεπεξέργαστων αστικών λυμάτων σε μικρό βάθος άρδευσης, αποτελεί κίνδυνο για την δημόσια υγεία λόγω των παθογόνων μικροοργανισμών που μεταφέρονται. Το επεξεργασμένο αστικό λύμα έδειξε ότι είναι ασφαλές. Στους δύο τύπους εδάφους που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, παρατηρήθηκε μείωση του pΗ και αύξηση του ποσοστού της οργανικής ουσίας, του ολικού αζώτου, των νιτρικών και αμμωνιακών, του νατρίου, του φωσφόρου και της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας. Η μεταβολή των χημικών παραμέτρων στο έδαφος σε σχέση με το σημείο του σταλάκτη δείχνει, στην επάνω ζώνη, αύξηση του ποσοστού της οργανικής ουσίας, στην περιεκτικότητα του ολικού Ν, του φωσφόρου, του νατρίου, του καλίου και της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας, ενώ στη κάτω ζώνη του σταλάκτη αυξήθηκε το ρΗ, το CaCO3 %, τα νιτρικά και η αμμωνία.

Vegetable Contamination by the Fecal Bacteria of Poultry Manure: Case Study of Gardening Sites in Southern Benin

A study was conducted in southern Benin to assess the contamination of vegetables by fecal coliforms,Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci as one consequence of the intensification of vegetable cropping through fertilization with poultry manure. For this purpose, on-farm trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at Yodo-Condji and Ayi-Guinnou with three replications and four fertilization treatments including poultry manure and three vegetable crops (leafy eggplant, tomato, and carrot). Sampling, laboratory analyses, and counts of fecal bacteria in the samples were performed in different cropping seasons. Whatever the fertilization treatment, the logs of mean fecal bacteria count per g of fresh vegetables were variable but higher than AFNOR criteria. The counts ranged from 8 to 10 fecal coliforms, from 5 to 8 fecal streptococci, and from 2 to 6Escherichia coli, whereas AFNOR criteria are, respectively, 0, 1, and 0. The long traditional use of poultry manure and its use during the study helped obtain this high population of fecal pathogens. Results confirmed that the contamination of vegetables by fecal bacteria is mainly due to the use of poultry manure. The use of properly composted poultry manure with innovative cropping techniques should help reduce the number and incidence of pathogens.