scholarly journals Regulation of Parkinsonian Motor Behaviors by Optogenetic Control of Basal Ganglia Circuitry

Neurosurgery ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. N28-N29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B Mikell ◽  
Guy M McKhann
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Optogenetic Control

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding the role of the basal ganglia

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Procedural Learning ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Subcortical Structure ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Simultaneous Inhibition

The basal ganglia are a complex subcortical structure that is principally involved in the selection and implementation of purposeful actions in response to external and internal cues. The basal ganglia set the pattern for facilitation of voluntary movements and simultaneous inhibition of competing or interfering movements. In addition, the basal ganglia are involved in the control of a wide variety of non-motor behaviors, spanning emotions, language, decision making, procedural learning, and working memory. This review presents a comparative overview of classic and contemporary models of basal ganglia organization and functional importance, including their increased integration with cortical and cerebellar structures.

scholarly journals Hyperdirect connectivity of opercular speech network to the subthalamic nucleus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Jorge ◽  
Witold J Lipksi ◽  
Dengyu Wang ◽  
Donald J Crammond ◽  
Robert S. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Gain Modulation ◽  
Mapping Data ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Pars Opercularis ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Subcortical Mapping ◽  
Speech Motor

The importance of the basal ganglia in modulating cognitive and motor behaviors is well known, yet how the basal ganglia participate in the uniquely human behavior of speech is poorly understood. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is well positioned to facilitate two basal ganglia functions critical for speech: motor learning and gain modulation. Using a novel paradigm to study cortical-subcortical interactions during speech in patients undergoing awake DBS surgery, we found evidence for a left opercular hyperdirect pathway in humans by stimulating in the STN and examining antidromic evoked activity in the left temporal, parietal and frontal opercular cortex. These high resolution cortical and subcortical mapping data provided evidence for hyperdirect connectivity between Broca area (typically corresponding to pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus) and the STN. In addition, we observed evoked potentials consistent with the presence of monosynaptic projections from areas of opercular speech cortex that are primarily sensory, including auditory cortex, to the STN. These connections may be unique to humans, evolving alongside the ability for speech.

scholarly journals Role of basal ganglia–brainstem pathways in the control of motor behaviors

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Takakusaki ◽  
K. Saitoh ◽  
H. Harada ◽  
M. Kashiwayanagi
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Motor Behaviors

scholarly journals Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidus neurons in a projection neuron type-dependent manner in the rat

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuyuki Karube ◽  
Susumu Takahashi ◽  
Kenta Kobayashi ◽  
Fumino Fujiyama
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Connection Probability ◽  
Motor Loop

The basal ganglia are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) make functional synaptic connections in the globus pallidus (GP), not usually thought of as an input site of the basal ganglia. Morphological observation revealed that the density of axonal boutons from motor cortices in the GP was 47% and 78% of that in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) from M1 and M2, respectively. Cortical excitation of GP neurons was comparable to that of STN neurons in slice preparations. FoxP2-expressing arkypallidal neurons were preferentially innervated by the motor cortex. The connection probability of cortico-pallidal innervation was higher for M2 than M1. These results suggest that cortico-pallidal innervation is an additional excitatory input to the basal ganglia, and that it can affect behaviors via the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop.

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