scholarly journals Bumblebees measure optic flow for position and speed control flexibly within the frontal visual field

2015 ◽  
Vol 218 (7) ◽  
pp. 1051-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Linander ◽  
M. Dacke ◽  
E. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Speed Control

Simulated Optic Flow and Extrastriate Cortex. I. Optic Flow Versus Texture

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Nam Kim ◽  
Kathleen Mulligan ◽  
Helen Sherk
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Gray Level ◽  
Visual Guidance ◽  
Forward Motion ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Single Origin

Kim, Jong-Nam, Kathleen Mulligan, and Helen Sherk. Simulated optic flow and extrastriate cortex. I. Optic flow versus texture. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 554–561, 1997. A locomoting observer sees a very different visual scene than an observer at rest: images throughout the visual field accelerate and expand, and they follow approximately radial outward paths from a single origin. This so-called optic flow field is presumably used for visual guidance, and it has been suggested that particular areas of visual cortex are specialized for the analysis of optic flow. In the cat, the lateral suprasylvian visual area (LS) is a likely candidate. To test the hypothesis that LS is specialized for analysis of optic flow fields, we recorded cell responses to optic flow displays. Stimulus movies simulated the experience of a cat trotting slowly across an endless plain covered with small balls. In different simulations we varied the size of balls, their organization (randomly or regularly dispersed), and their color (all one gray level, or multiple shades of gray). For each optic flow movie, a “texture” movie composed of the same elements but lacking optic flow cues was tested. In anesthetized cats, >500 neurons in LS were studied with a variety of movies. Most (70%) of 454 visually responsive cells responded to optic flow movies. Visually responsive cells generally preferred optic flow to texture movies (69% of those responsive to any movie). The direction in which a movie was shown (forward or reverse) was also an important factor. Most cells (68%) strongly preferred forward motion, which corresponded to visual experience during locomotion.

scholarly journals Optic-flow and egocentric-direction strategies in walking: Central vs peripheral visual field

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (25-26) ◽  
pp. 3117-3132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Turano ◽  
Dylan Yu ◽  
Lei Hao ◽  
John C. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Egocentric Direction

scholarly journals Dissociating Vision and Visual Attention in the Human Pulvinar

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 917-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Smith ◽  
P. L. Cotton ◽  
A. Bruno ◽  
C. Moutsiana
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Related Design ◽  
Central Fixation

The pulvinar region of the thalamus has repeatedly been linked with the control of attention. However, the functions of the pulvinar remain poorly characterized, both in human and in nonhuman primates. In a functional MRI study, we examined the relative contributions to activity in the human posterior pulvinar made by visual drive (the presence of an unattended visual stimulus) and attention (covert spatial attention to the stimulus). In an event-related design, large optic flow stimuli were presented to the left and/or right of a central fixation point. When unattended, the stimuli robustly activated two regions of the pulvinar, one medial and one dorsal with respect to the lateral geniculate. The activity in both regions shows a strong contralateral bias, suggesting retinotopic organization. Primate physiology suggests that the two regions could be two portions of the same double map of the visual field. In our paradigm, attending to the stimulus enhanced the response by about 20%. Thus attention is not necessary to activate the human pulvinar and the degree of attentional enhancement matches, but does not exceed, that seen in the cortical regions with which the posterior pulvinar connects.

scholarly journals An innovative optical context to make honeybees crash repeatedly

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien R. Serres ◽  
Antoine H.P. Morice ◽  
Constance Blary ◽  
Romain Miot ◽  
Gilles Montagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Optical Manipulation ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Altitude Control

AbstractTo investigate altitude control in honeybees, an optical context was designed to make honeybees crash. It has been widely accepted that honeybees rely on the optic flow generated by the ground to control their altitude. However, identifying an optical context capable of uncorrelating forward speed from altitude in honeybees’ flight was the first step towards enhancing the optical context to better understand altitude control in honeybees. This optical context aims to put honeybees in the same flight conditions as an open sky flight above mirror-smooth water. An optical manipulation, based on a pair of opposed horizontal mirrors, was designed to remove any visual information coming from the floor and ceiling. Such an optical manipulation reproduced quantitatively the seminal experiment of Heran & Lindauer (1963), and revealed that honeybees control their altitude by detecting the optic flow with a visual field that extends to approximately 165°.

scholarly journals Larger Head Displacement to Optic Flow Presented in the Lower Visual Field

i-Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 204166951988690
Author(s):  
Kanon Fujimoto ◽  
Hiroshi Ashida
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Head Displacement

Distinguishing Subregions of the Human MT+ Complex Using Visual Fields and Pursuit Eye Movements

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1991-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Dukelow ◽  
Joseph F. X. DeSouza ◽  
Jody C. Culham ◽  
Albert V. van den Berg ◽  
Ravi S. Menon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Medial Superior Temporal ◽  
Single Target ◽  
To Receive

In humans, functional imaging studies have demonstrated a homologue of the macaque motion complex, MT+ [suggested to contain both middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST)], in the ascending limb of the inferior temporal sulcus. In the macaque monkey, motion-sensitive areas MT and MST are adjacent in the superior temporal sulcus. Electrophysiological research has demonstrated that while MT receptive fields primarily encode the contralateral visual field, MST dorsal (MSTd) receptive fields extend well into the ipsilateral visual field. Additionally, macaque MST has been shown to receive extraretinal smooth-pursuit eye-movement signals, whereas MT does not. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the neural properties that had been observed in monkeys to distinguish putative human areas MT from MST. Optic flow stimuli placed in the full field, or contralateral field only, produced a large cluster of functional activation in our subjects consistent with previous reports of human area MT+. Ipsilateral optic flow stimuli limited to the peripheral retina produced activation only in an anterior subsection of the MT+ complex, likely corresponding to putative MSTd. During visual pursuit of a single target, a large portion of the MT+ complex was activated. However, during nonvisual pursuit, only the anterolateral portion of the MT+ complex was activated. This subsection of the MT+ cluster could correspond to putative MSTl (lateral). In summary, we observed three distinct subregions of the human MT+ complex that were arranged in a manner similar to that seen in the monkey.

scholarly journals Interactions of local movement detectors enhance the detection of rotation. Optokinetic experiments with the rock crab, Pachygrapsus marmoratus

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Kern ◽  
Hans-Ortwin Nalbach ◽  
Dezsö Varjú
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Pachygrapsus Marmoratus ◽  
Movement Detectors ◽  
Local Movement ◽  
Rock Crab

AbstractWalking crabs move their eyes to compensate for retinal image motion only during rotation and not during translation, even when both components are superimposed. We tested in the rock crab, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, whether this ability to decompose optic flow may arise from topographical interactions of local movement detectors. We recorded the optokinetic eye movements of the rock crab in a sinusoidally oscillating drum which carried two 10-deg wide black vertical stripes. Their azimuthal separation varied from 20 to 180 deg, and each two-stripe configuration was presented at different azimuthal positions around the crab. In general, the responses are the stronger the more widely the stripes are separated. Furthermore, the response amplitude depends also strongly on the azimuthal positions of the stripes. We propose a model with excitatory interactions between pairs of movement detectors that quantitatively accounts for the enhanced optokinetic responses to widely separated textured patches in the visual field that move in phase. The interactions take place both within one eye and, predominantly, between both eyes. We conclude that these interactions aid in the detection of rotation.

scholarly journals Visual pursuit behavior in mice maintains the pursued prey on the retinal region with least optic flow

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl D Holmgren ◽  
Paul Stahr ◽  
Damian J Wallace ◽  
Kay-Michael Voit ◽  
Emily J Matheson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Temporal Part ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Density Region ◽  
Freely Moving

Mice have a large visual field that is constantly stabilized by vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) driven eye rotations that counter head-rotations. While maintaining their extensive visual coverage is advantageous for predator detection, mice also track and capture prey using vision. However, in the freely moving animal quantifying object location in the field of view is challenging. Here, we developed a method to digitally reconstruct and quantify the visual scene of freely moving mice performing a visually based prey capture task. By isolating the visual sense and combining a mouse eye optic model with the head and eye rotations, the detailed reconstruction of the digital environment and retinal features were projected onto the corneal surface for comparison, and updated throughout the behavior. By quantifying the spatial location of objects in the visual scene and their motion throughout the behavior, we show that the prey image consistently falls within a small area of the VOR-stabilized visual field. This functional focus coincides with the region of minimal optic flow within the visual field and consequently area of minimal motion-induced image-blur, as during pursuit mice ran directly toward the prey. The functional focus lies in the upper-temporal part of the retina and coincides with the reported high density-region of Alpha-ON sustained retinal ganglion cells.

scholarly journals Ventral motion parallax enhances fruit fly steering to visual sideslip

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 20200046
Author(s):  
Carlos Ruiz ◽  
Jamie C. Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Important Region

Flies and other insects use incoherent motion (parallax) to the front and sides to measure distances and identify obstacles during translation. Although additional depth information could be drawn from below, there is no experimental proof that they use it. The finding that blowflies encode motion disparities in their ventral visual fields suggests this may be an important region for depth information. We used a virtual flight arena to measure fruit fly responses to optic flow. The stimuli appeared below ( n = 51) or above the fly ( n = 44), at different speeds, with or without parallax cues. Dorsal parallax does not affect responses, and similar motion disparities in rotation have no effect anywhere in the visual field. But responses to strong ventral sideslip (206° s −1 ) change drastically depending on the presence or absence of parallax. Ventral parallax could help resolve ambiguities in cluttered motion fields, and enhance corrective responses to nearby objects.

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