Individual Variation in Hunger, Energy Intake, and Ghrelin Responses to Acute Exercise

Weight loss induced by endurance exercise is often disappointing, possibly due to an increase in energy intake mediated through greater appetite. The aim of this study was to evaluate fasting, postprandial, and postexercise appetite regulation after an intervention prescribing two amounts of endurance exercise. Sixty-four sedentary, overweight, healthy young men were randomized to control (CON), moderate-dose (MOD: ∼30 min/day), or high-dose (HIGH: ∼60 min/day) endurance exercise for 12 wk. Along with subjective appetite ratings, plasma ghrelin, glucagon, insulin, peptide YY3–36, glucose, free fatty acids, and glycerol were measured during fasting and in relation to a breakfast meal and an acute bout of exercise, both at baseline and at follow-up. Ad libitum lunch energy intake was evaluated 3 h after the breakfast meal. Despite different amounts of endurance exercise, the subjects lost similar amounts of fat mass (MOD: 4.2 ± 0.5 kg; HIGH: 3.7 ± 0.5 kg). Fasting and postprandial insulin decreased ∼20% in both exercise groups ( P < 0.03 vs. CON). Appetite measurements were not upregulated in the fasting and postprandial states. On the contrary, fasting and postprandial ratings of fullness and postprandial PYY3–36 increased in HIGH ( P < 0.001 vs. CON). Ad libitum lunch energy intake remained unchanged over the course of the intervention. In both exercise groups, plasma ghrelin increased in relation to acute exercise after training. Thus neither moderate nor high doses of daily endurance exercise increased fasting and postprandial measures of appetite, but a high dose of exercise was associated with an increase in fasting and meal-related ratings of fullness and satiety.

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Effect of Acute Exercise and Cycling Desk on Energy Intake and Appetite Response to Mental Work: The CORTEX Study

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2020-0342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 433-439

Author(s):

David Thivel ◽

Pauline Genin ◽

Alicia Fillon ◽

Marwa Khammassi ◽

Johanna Roche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Short Term ◽

Mental Work ◽

Visual Analog Scales

Background: While mental work has been shown to favor overconsumption, the present study compared the effect of a cognitive task alone, followed by acute exercise, or performed on a cycling desk, on short-term food intake and appetite in adults. Methods: A total of 19 normal-weight adults randomly completed: resting session (CON), 30-minute cognitive task (CT), 30-minute cognitive task followed by a 15-minute high-intensity interval exercise bout (CT–EX), and 30-minute cognitive task performed on a cycling desk (CT-CD). Energy expenditure was estimated (heart rate–workload relationship), and energy intake (EI; ad libitum) and appetite (visual analog scales) were assessed. Results: Energy expenditure was higher in CT-EX (P < .001) compared with the other conditions and in CT-CD compared with CON and CT (P < .01). EI was higher in CON (P < .05) and CT-CD compared with CT (P < .01). Relative EI was higher in CON compared with CT (P < .05) and lower in CT-EX compared with CT, CT-CD, and CON (all Ps < .001). Area under the curve desire to eat was higher in CON compared with CT (P < .05) and CT-EX (P < .01). Area under the curve prospective food consumption was higher in CON compared with CT-EX (P < .01). Overall composite appetite score was not different between conditions. Conclusion: While cycling desks are recommended to break up sedentary time, the induced increase in energy expenditure might not be enough to significantly reduce overall short-term relative EI after mental work.

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Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00239.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 941-951 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jonas Salling Quist ◽

Martin Bæk Blond ◽

Anne Sofie Gram ◽

Carina Bjørnskov Steenholt ◽

Charlotte Janus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Active Commuting ◽

Vigorous Intensity ◽

Ad Libitum

Acute exercise is associated with a transient suppression of appetite. The effects of regular exercise on appetite are not well understood. We aimed to determine the effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite. One hundred thirty physically inactive women and men (20–45 yr) with overweight and obesity were randomized to 6 mo of habitual lifestyle (CON, n = 18), active commuting (BIKE, n = 35), or leisure-time exercise of moderate [MOD, 50% peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak)-reserve, n = 39] or vigorous (VIG, 70% V̇o2peak-reserve, n = 38) intensity. Appetite ratings, acylated ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon were assessed in the basal state and in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and 3 and 6 mo. Ad libitum energy intake was determined during test meals. Data from 90 participants (per protocol) were available, and results are comparisons with CON. At 3 mo, ad libitum energy intake was lower in VIG (−22%, P < 0.01), basal glucagon was lower in BIKE ( P < 0.05) and VIG ( P = 0.01), and postprandial ratings of prospective food consumption were lower in MOD ( P = 0.02) and VIG ( P < 0.001). In VIG, ratings of hunger ( P = 0.01) and prospective food consumption ( P = 0.03) were lower after acute exercise at 3 mo. At 6 mo, basal and postprandial GLP-1 were higher ( P ≤ 0.04) whereas postexercise PYY was lower ( P = 0.03) in VIG and postexercise CCK was lower in BIKE ( P = 0.03). Vigorous-intensity exercise training leads to a transient suppression of energy intake and subjective appetite (3 mo) but a more long-term increase in basal and postprandial GLP-1 (6 mo) in individuals with overweight and obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first randomized controlled trial, to our knowledge, investigating long-term effects of exercise domain and intensity on subjective and hormonal markers of appetite and ad libitum energy intake in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite was assessed in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and at 3 and 6 mo. Anorexigenic effects of exercise vary with the duration of intervention and are restricted to regular leisure-time exercise of vigorous intensity in individuals with overweight and obesity.

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Energy balance and its components: implications of intra- and inter-individual variation on energy intake and expenditure

Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine ◽

10.7600/jspfsm.67.327 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 327-344

Author(s):

Takafumi Ando

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Individual Variation

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The effects of acute exercise on appetite and energy intake in men and women

Physiology & Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 241 ◽

pp. 113562

Author(s):

Selene Y. Tobin ◽

Marc-Andre Cornier ◽

Mollie H. White ◽

Allison K. Hild ◽

Sara E. Simonsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Men And Women

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A randomized crossover trial assessing the effects of acute exercise on appetite, circulating ghrelin concentrations, and butyrylcholinesterase activity in normal-weight males with variants of the obesity-linked FTO rs9939609 polymorphism

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 1055-1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James L Dorling ◽

David J Clayton ◽

Jenny Jones ◽

Wayne G Carter ◽

Alice E Thackray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Bche Activity ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Acyl Ghrelin ◽

Butyrylcholinesterase Activity ◽

Fto Rs9939609

ABSTRACT Background The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 A-allele is associated with higher acyl-ghrelin (AG) concentrations, higher energy intake, and obesity, although exercise may mitigate rs9939609 A-allele–linked obesity risk. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) hydrolyzes AG to des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG), potentially decreasing appetite. However, the effects of the FTO rs9939609 genotype and exercise on BChE activity, AG, DAG, and energy intake are unknown. Objective We hypothesized that individuals homozygous for the obesity-risk A-allele (AAs) would exhibit higher postprandial AG and energy intake than individuals homozygous for the low obesity-risk T-allele (TTs), but that exercise would increase BChE activity and diminish these differences. Methods Twelve AA and 12 TT normal-weight males completed a control (8 h rest) and an exercise (1 h of exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake, 7 h rest) trial in a randomized crossover design. A fixed meal was consumed at 1.5 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 6.5 h. Appetite, appetite-related hormones, BChE activity, and energy intake were assessed. Results AAs displayed lower baseline BChE activity, higher baseline AG:DAG ratio, attenuated AG suppression after a fixed meal, and higher ad libitum energy intake compared with TTs [effect sizes (ESs) ≥ 0.72, P ≤ 0.049]. Exercise increased Δ BChE activity in both genotypes (ESs = 0.37, P = 0.004); however, exercise lowered AG and the AG:DAG ratio to a greater extent in AAs (P ≤ 0.023), offsetting the higher AG profile observed in AAs during the control trial (ESs ≥ 1.25, P ≤ 0.048). Exercise did not elevate energy intake in either genotype (P = 0.282). Conclusions Exercise increases BChE activity, suppresses AG and the AG:DAG ratio, and corrects the higher AG profile observed in obesity-risk AA individuals. These findings suggest that exercise or other methods targeting BChE activity may offer a preventative and/or therapeutic strategy for AA individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03025347.

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Effects Of Acute Exercise On Appetite Regulation And Energy Intake In Men And Women

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000687372.24781.ae ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (7S) ◽

pp. 1078-1078

Author(s):

Selene Y. Tobin ◽

Marc-Andre Cornier ◽

Mollie H. White ◽

Alison K. Hild ◽

Jonathan R. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Appetite Regulation ◽

Men And Women

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Acute exercise and subsequent energy intake. A meta-analysis

Appetite ◽

10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 92-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

Matthew M. Schubert ◽

Ben Desbrow ◽

Surendran Sabapathy ◽

Michael Leveritt

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Meta Analysis

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Influence of netball-based exercise on energy intake, subjective appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin in adolescent girls

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0466 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 854-861 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Penny L.S. Rumbold ◽

Alan St Clair Gibson ◽

Emma J. Stevenson ◽

James A. King ◽

David J. Stensel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Test Meal ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Acylated Ghrelin ◽

Sedentary Activity ◽

Exercise Induced

This study explored 5-day regulation of exercise-induced energy expenditure, energy intake, and hormonal appetite, via acylated ghrelin, after acute exercise. Using a randomized crossover design, 10 female adolescents (13–15 years old) completed two 7-day treatment weeks (2 days of maintenance, 1 day of treatment, and a 4-day follow-up), interspersed with a 1-week period. On day 3, 47 min of netball-based exercise or sedentary activity was imposed with a test meal 1 h later. Measures of energy expenditure, subjective appetite, test meal energy intake, plasma acylated ghrelin, insulin, and glucose were taken during this period. Energy intake compensation for the exercise period was calculated. Four-day follow-up measures were daily subjective appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy balance. Girls felt more full 20 min during the netball-based exercise bout compared with sedentary activity (87 ± 15 mm vs. 75 ± 24 mm). An energy intake compensation of 27% was identified for the netball-based exercise. Compared with immediately before exercise or sedentary activity, plasma acylated ghrelin was elevated 45 min after netball (103.8 ± 56.9 pg·mL−1 vs. 85.7 ± 26.9 pg·mL−1; n = 7) and sedentary activity (98.2 ± 27.1 pg·mL−1 vs. 60.8 ± 33.5 pg·mL−1; n = 7) but not different between treatments. Adolescent girls (13–15 years old) only partially compensated for the netball-based exercise-induced energy expenditure. The effect of exercise on appetite needs to be further explored in adolescents, whereby nutritional behaviour is tracked for more than 1 week to investigate full compensation for acute exercise.

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