A randomized crossover trial assessing the effects of acute exercise on appetite, circulating ghrelin concentrations, and butyrylcholinesterase activity in normal-weight males with variants of the obesity-linked FTO rs9939609 polymorphism

ABSTRACT Background The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 A-allele is associated with higher acyl-ghrelin (AG) concentrations, higher energy intake, and obesity, although exercise may mitigate rs9939609 A-allele–linked obesity risk. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) hydrolyzes AG to des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG), potentially decreasing appetite. However, the effects of the FTO rs9939609 genotype and exercise on BChE activity, AG, DAG, and energy intake are unknown. Objective We hypothesized that individuals homozygous for the obesity-risk A-allele (AAs) would exhibit higher postprandial AG and energy intake than individuals homozygous for the low obesity-risk T-allele (TTs), but that exercise would increase BChE activity and diminish these differences. Methods Twelve AA and 12 TT normal-weight males completed a control (8 h rest) and an exercise (1 h of exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake, 7 h rest) trial in a randomized crossover design. A fixed meal was consumed at 1.5 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 6.5 h. Appetite, appetite-related hormones, BChE activity, and energy intake were assessed. Results AAs displayed lower baseline BChE activity, higher baseline AG:DAG ratio, attenuated AG suppression after a fixed meal, and higher ad libitum energy intake compared with TTs [effect sizes (ESs) ≥ 0.72, P ≤ 0.049]. Exercise increased Δ BChE activity in both genotypes (ESs = 0.37, P = 0.004); however, exercise lowered AG and the AG:DAG ratio to a greater extent in AAs (P ≤ 0.023), offsetting the higher AG profile observed in AAs during the control trial (ESs ≥ 1.25, P ≤ 0.048). Exercise did not elevate energy intake in either genotype (P = 0.282). Conclusions Exercise increases BChE activity, suppresses AG and the AG:DAG ratio, and corrects the higher AG profile observed in obesity-risk AA individuals. These findings suggest that exercise or other methods targeting BChE activity may offer a preventative and/or therapeutic strategy for AA individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03025347.

Download Full-text

Influence of postexercise fasting on hunger and satiety in adults

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2019-0947 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 1022-1030

Author(s):

Courteney C. Hamilton ◽

Steve B. Wiseman ◽

Jennifer L. Copeland ◽

Marc R. Bomhof

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Water Control ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Acyl Ghrelin ◽

The Impact

Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m−2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%–70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.

Download Full-text

Increased satiety after intake of a chocolate milk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference in subsequent ad libitum lunch intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507339846 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 579-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Angela Harper ◽

Anita James ◽

Anne Flint ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Carbonated Beverage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Prospective Consumption

The rising rate of obesity has been blamed on increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, such as carbonated sodas, which fail to satisfy hunger. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect on appetite and energy intake of a sugar-sweetened beverage (cola) and a chocolate milk drink, matched for energy content and volume. It was hypothesised that chocolate milk may be more satiating because of its protein content. Twenty-two healthy young men (age 23 (sd 1·8) years) of normal weight (BMI 22·2 (sd 1·5) kg/m2) were recruited to the randomised cross-over study. Visual analogue scales were used to record subjective appetite ratings every 30 min on each of two test days. A drink of 500 ml cola or chocolate milk (900 kJ) was ingested 30 min before an ad libitum lunch. Satiety and fullness were significantly greater (P = 0·0007, P = 0·0004, respectively) 30 min after chocolate milk than after cola. Ratings of prospective consumption and hunger were significantly greater after cola than after chocolate milk, both immediately after preload intake (P = 0·008, P = 0·01, respectively) and 30 min afterwards (P = 0·004, P = 0·01, respectively). There was no significant difference (P = 0·42) in ad libitum lunch intake after ingestion of chocolate milk (3145 (sd 1268) kJ) compared with cola (3286 (sd 1346) kJ). The results support the hypothesis that sweetened soft drinks are different from milk products in their impact on short-term hunger and satiety, although differences in subjective appetite scores were not translated into differences in energy intake.

Download Full-text

Appetite regulation in overweight, sedentary men after different amounts of endurance exercise: a randomized controlled trial

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00680.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 115 (11) ◽

pp. 1599-1609 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mads Rosenkilde ◽

Michala Holm Reichkendler ◽

Pernille Auerbach ◽

Signe Toräng ◽

Anne Sofie Gram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

High Dose ◽

Appetite Regulation ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

High Doses

Weight loss induced by endurance exercise is often disappointing, possibly due to an increase in energy intake mediated through greater appetite. The aim of this study was to evaluate fasting, postprandial, and postexercise appetite regulation after an intervention prescribing two amounts of endurance exercise. Sixty-four sedentary, overweight, healthy young men were randomized to control (CON), moderate-dose (MOD: ∼30 min/day), or high-dose (HIGH: ∼60 min/day) endurance exercise for 12 wk. Along with subjective appetite ratings, plasma ghrelin, glucagon, insulin, peptide YY3–36, glucose, free fatty acids, and glycerol were measured during fasting and in relation to a breakfast meal and an acute bout of exercise, both at baseline and at follow-up. Ad libitum lunch energy intake was evaluated 3 h after the breakfast meal. Despite different amounts of endurance exercise, the subjects lost similar amounts of fat mass (MOD: 4.2 ± 0.5 kg; HIGH: 3.7 ± 0.5 kg). Fasting and postprandial insulin decreased ∼20% in both exercise groups ( P < 0.03 vs. CON). Appetite measurements were not upregulated in the fasting and postprandial states. On the contrary, fasting and postprandial ratings of fullness and postprandial PYY3–36 increased in HIGH ( P < 0.001 vs. CON). Ad libitum lunch energy intake remained unchanged over the course of the intervention. In both exercise groups, plasma ghrelin increased in relation to acute exercise after training. Thus neither moderate nor high doses of daily endurance exercise increased fasting and postprandial measures of appetite, but a high dose of exercise was associated with an increase in fasting and meal-related ratings of fullness and satiety.

Download Full-text

Effect of Acute Exercise and Cycling Desk on Energy Intake and Appetite Response to Mental Work: The CORTEX Study

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2020-0342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 433-439

Author(s):

David Thivel ◽

Pauline Genin ◽

Alicia Fillon ◽

Marwa Khammassi ◽

Johanna Roche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Short Term ◽

Mental Work ◽

Visual Analog Scales

Background: While mental work has been shown to favor overconsumption, the present study compared the effect of a cognitive task alone, followed by acute exercise, or performed on a cycling desk, on short-term food intake and appetite in adults. Methods: A total of 19 normal-weight adults randomly completed: resting session (CON), 30-minute cognitive task (CT), 30-minute cognitive task followed by a 15-minute high-intensity interval exercise bout (CT–EX), and 30-minute cognitive task performed on a cycling desk (CT-CD). Energy expenditure was estimated (heart rate–workload relationship), and energy intake (EI; ad libitum) and appetite (visual analog scales) were assessed. Results: Energy expenditure was higher in CT-EX (P < .001) compared with the other conditions and in CT-CD compared with CON and CT (P < .01). EI was higher in CON (P < .05) and CT-CD compared with CT (P < .01). Relative EI was higher in CON compared with CT (P < .05) and lower in CT-EX compared with CT, CT-CD, and CON (all Ps < .001). Area under the curve desire to eat was higher in CON compared with CT (P < .05) and CT-EX (P < .01). Area under the curve prospective food consumption was higher in CON compared with CT-EX (P < .01). Overall composite appetite score was not different between conditions. Conclusion: While cycling desks are recommended to break up sedentary time, the induced increase in energy expenditure might not be enough to significantly reduce overall short-term relative EI after mental work.

Download Full-text

Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500000039 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

A. M. Johnstone ◽

E. Shannon ◽

S. Whybrow ◽

C. A. Reid ◽

R. J. Stubbs

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Real Life ◽

Latin Square ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Fixed Composition ◽

Ad Libitum

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

Download Full-text

The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711450000146x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 227-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Benjamin Buemann ◽

Søren Toubro ◽

Anne Raben ◽

John Blundell ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Double Blind ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Osmotic Effects ◽

Randomized Crossover Study

A double-blind randomized crossover study was performed with nineteen normal-weight men to investigate the effect on subsequent ad libitum food intake of replacing 29 g sucrose with 29 g D-TAGATOSE AS SWEETENER TO A BREAKFAST MEAL. d-Tagatose is a malabsorbed stereoisomer of fructose with potential application as a bulk sweetener. Food intake was measured at lunch offered 4 h after the breakfast meal, during the afternoon with access to abundant snacks, and finally at a supper buffet 9 h after the breakfast. Energy intake at lunch and during the snacking period was similar after ingesting the two sugars, while it was 15 % lower after ingesting d-tagatose than with sucrose at supper (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal factors such as the osmotic effects of unabsorbed d-tagatose causing distension of the gut might have mediated the acute appetite-suppressing effect. The present paper also refers to data from a preceding study in which we observed an increased self-reported energy intake after ingestion of d-tagatose compared with sucrose which, in fact, suggests a relative hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose. However, self-reported food intake may be biased by selective under-reporting and this subsequent study with a more controlled assessment of food intake was therefore conducted. This present study did not support any hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose, but rather suggests that d-tagatose may contribute to a reduced energy intake.

Download Full-text

Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite in individuals with overweight and obesity

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00239.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 941-951 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jonas Salling Quist ◽

Martin Bæk Blond ◽

Anne Sofie Gram ◽

Carina Bjørnskov Steenholt ◽

Charlotte Janus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Active Commuting ◽

Vigorous Intensity ◽

Ad Libitum

Acute exercise is associated with a transient suppression of appetite. The effects of regular exercise on appetite are not well understood. We aimed to determine the effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on appetite. One hundred thirty physically inactive women and men (20–45 yr) with overweight and obesity were randomized to 6 mo of habitual lifestyle (CON, n = 18), active commuting (BIKE, n = 35), or leisure-time exercise of moderate [MOD, 50% peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak)-reserve, n = 39] or vigorous (VIG, 70% V̇o2peak-reserve, n = 38) intensity. Appetite ratings, acylated ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon were assessed in the basal state and in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and 3 and 6 mo. Ad libitum energy intake was determined during test meals. Data from 90 participants (per protocol) were available, and results are comparisons with CON. At 3 mo, ad libitum energy intake was lower in VIG (−22%, P < 0.01), basal glucagon was lower in BIKE ( P < 0.05) and VIG ( P = 0.01), and postprandial ratings of prospective food consumption were lower in MOD ( P = 0.02) and VIG ( P < 0.001). In VIG, ratings of hunger ( P = 0.01) and prospective food consumption ( P = 0.03) were lower after acute exercise at 3 mo. At 6 mo, basal and postprandial GLP-1 were higher ( P ≤ 0.04) whereas postexercise PYY was lower ( P = 0.03) in VIG and postexercise CCK was lower in BIKE ( P = 0.03). Vigorous-intensity exercise training leads to a transient suppression of energy intake and subjective appetite (3 mo) but a more long-term increase in basal and postprandial GLP-1 (6 mo) in individuals with overweight and obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first randomized controlled trial, to our knowledge, investigating long-term effects of exercise domain and intensity on subjective and hormonal markers of appetite and ad libitum energy intake in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite was assessed in response to meal and exercise challenges at baseline and at 3 and 6 mo. Anorexigenic effects of exercise vary with the duration of intervention and are restricted to regular leisure-time exercise of vigorous intensity in individuals with overweight and obesity.

Download Full-text

Eucaloric Balanced Diet Improved Objective Sleep in Adolescents with Obesity

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3550

Author(s):

Oussama Saidi ◽

Emmanuelle Rochette ◽

Giovanna Del Sordo ◽

Éric Doré ◽

Étienne Merlin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Sleep Onset ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Sleep Onset Latency ◽

Evening Meal ◽

Ad Libitum

Background: A better understanding of the influence of energy balance on sleep in adolescents, particularly those with obesity, could help develop strategies to optimize sleep in these populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate sleep under ad libitum-vs-controlled diets adjusted to energy requirement (eucaloric) among adolescents with obesity and their normal weight controls. Methods: Twenty-eight male adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years, n = 14 adolescents with obesity (OB: BMI ≥ 90th centile) and n = 14 normal weight age matched controls (NW), completed an experimental protocol comprising ad libitum or eucaloric meals for three days, in random order. During the third night of each condition, they underwent in home polysomnography (PSG). Results: An interaction effect of energy intake (EI) was detected (p < 0.001). EI was higher during ad libitum compared to the eucaloric condition (p < 0.001) and in OB compared to NW (p < 0.001) in the absence of any substantial modification to macronutrient proportions. Analyses of energy intake distribution throughout the day showed a significant interaction with both a condition and group effect during lunch and dinner. Sleep improvements were noted in OB group during the eucaloric condition compared to ad libitum with reduced sleep onset latency and N1 stage. Sleep improvements were correlated to reduced EI, especially during the evening meal. Conclusion: Simply adjusting dietary intake to energy requirement and reducing the energy proportion of the evening meal could have therapeutic effects on sleep in adolescents with obesity. However, positive energy balance alone cannot justify worsened sleep among adolescents with obesity compared to normal weight counterparts.

Download Full-text

Acute exercise increases feeding latency in healthy normal weight young males but does not alter energy intake

Appetite ◽

10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.018 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

James A. King ◽

Lucy K. Wasse ◽

David J. Stensel

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Young Males

Download Full-text

Effects of acute exercise on appetite hormones and ad libitum energy intake in men and women

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0104 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 66-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Todd Alan Hagobian ◽

Megan Yamashiro ◽

Jake Hinkel-Lipsker ◽

Katherine Streder ◽

Nero Evero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Relative Energy ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Crossover Fashion ◽

Men And Women ◽

Condition Effect ◽

Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽

Ad Libitum

Acute exercise suppresses relative energy intake; however, it remains unclear whether this occurs in both men and women exposed to the same relative exercise treatment. Eleven healthy men (22 ± 2 years; 16% ± 6% body fat (BF); 26 ± 4 body mass index (BMI); 42.9 ± 6.5 mL·kg–1·min–1 peak oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2peak)) and 10 healthy women (21 ± 2 years; 24 ± 2 BMI; 23% ± 3% BF; 39.9 ± 5.5 mL·kg–1·min–1 [Formula: see text]O2peak) rested for 60 min or exercised on a cycle ergometer at 70% [Formula: see text]O2peak until 30% of total daily energy expenditure was expended (men, expenditure = 975 ± 195 kcal in 82 ± 13 min; women, expenditure = 713 ± 86 kcal in 84 ± 17 min) in a counterbalanced, crossover fashion. Appetite hormones and appetite ratings were assessed in response to each condition. Forty minutes after both conditions, ad libitum total and relative energy intake (energy intake minus energy cost of exercise) were assessed at a buffet meal. There was no significant sex or condition effect in appetite hormones (PYY3-36, acylated ghrelin, insulin) and appetite ratings (hunger, satisfaction, fullness). Total energy intake in men was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in exercise and rest conditions (1648 ± 950, 1216 ± 633 kcal, respectively) compared with women (591 ± 183, 590 ± 231 kcal, respectively). Relative energy intake was significantly lower (P < 0.05) after exercise compared with rest in men (672 ± 827, 1133 ± 619 kcal, respectively) and women (−121 ± 243, 530 ± 233 kcal, respectively). These data highlight the effectiveness of acute exercise to suppress relative energy intake regardless of sex.

Download Full-text