scholarly journals The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Nunn ◽  
Nancy Qian
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Columbian Exchange ◽  
Economic Studies

This paper provides an overview of the long-term impacts of the Columbian Exchange—that is, the exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops, technologies, populations, and cultures between the New World and the Old World after Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. We focus on the aspects of the exchange that have been most neglected by economic studies; namely the transfer of diseases, food crops, and knowledge between the two Worlds. We pay particular attention to the effects of the exchange on the Old World.

The Columbian Exchange

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Earle
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
New World ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Old World ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
Columbian Exchange ◽  
The Impact

The Columbian Exchange refers to the flow of plants, animals and microbes across the Atlantic Ocean and beyond. Coined in 1972 by the historian Alfred Crosby, the Columbian Exchange set in motion Christopher Columbus' historic voyage to the Americas in 1492. Crosby used the term "Columbian Exchange" to describe the process of biological diffusion that arose following Europe's colonization of the Americas. Crosby's The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 chronicled the wide-ranging consequences of the transfer of diseases, plants and animals that ensued after 1492. The book, essentially consisting of a series of interlocking essays, documented the impact of Old World plants and animals on the Americas, the global dissemination of New World foods, and how European colonization resulted in the transmission of pathogens. Crosby made forceful arguments to support his claim that the most significant consequences of European colonization of the new world were biological in nature.

Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients: a practical guide for physicians.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carla Di Paolo ◽  
Cristiano Pagnini ◽  
Maria Giovanna Graziani
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Literature Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Pass Metabolism

: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions characterized by unknown etiology and pathogenesis with deregulation of mucosal immunity. Among possible treatments, corticosteroids, already available from the 50’, are still the mainstay of treatment for moderate-severe disease. Nonetheless, the use of steroids is still largely empirical and solid evidence about therapeutic schemes are lacking. Moreover, due to the important side-effects and for the unsatisfactory impact on long-term natural history of disease, the steroid sparing has become an important therapeutic goal in IBD management. Besides conventional steroids, the so called “low bioavailability” steroids, which are steroids with high affinity for peripheral receptors and elevated hepatic first-pass metabolism, have demonstrated efficacy and more favorable safety profile. In the present review of the literature evidence of efficacy and safety of conventional and low bioavailability steroids in IBD patients are evaluated, and practical suggestions for a correct use in clinical practice are presented according to the current clinical guidelines.

Language as a Key to Latin American Historiography

1955 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-539
Author(s):  
Richard M. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
New World ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

Latin americanists have in recent years become increasingly concerned with constructing the basis for a unified history of Latin America. Frequently this enterprise leads them to contemplate the even larger design of a history of the Americas. While the New World may still be, in Hegel’s words, “a land of desire for all those who are weary of the historical lumber-room of old Europe,” it is now recognized as having an independent heritage; its history is no longer experienced as “only an echo of the Old World.”

The genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Africa

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Eshbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Old World ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Local Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genus Capsicum ◽  
Large Acreage

The genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) includes approximately 20 wild species and 4-5 domesticated taxa commonly referred to as ‘chilies’ or ‘peppers’. The pre-Colombian distribution of the genus was New World. The evolutionary history of the genus is now envisaged as including three distinct lines leading to the domesticated taxa. The route of Capsicum to the Old World is thought to have followed three different courses. First, explorers introduced it to Europe with secondary introduction into Africa via further exploratory expeditions; second, botanical gardens played a major role in introduction; and third, introduction followed the slave trade routes. Today, pepper production in Africa is of two types, vegetable and spice. Statistical profiles on production are difficult to interpret, but the data available indicate that Nigeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Ghana are the leading producers. Production is mainly a local phenomenon and large acreage is seldom devoted to the growing of peppers. The primary peppers in Africa are C.  annuum and C.  frutescens.

Precious metals and mining in the New World: 1500–1800

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
K. N. Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
New World ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Indian Ocean World

The discovery of large quantities of gold and silver in the New World following the voyage of Christopher Columbus had a major impact on the subsequent history of the world economy. These two precious metals together with copper were regarded as the standard and measure of value in all societies throughout history. The sudden increase in the supply of gold and silver greatly increased the capacity of individual countries such as Spain and Portugal to finance wars and imports of consumer goods. The new Spanish coin, the real of eight, became an international currency for settling trade balances, and large quantities of these coins were exported to the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and China to purchase oriental commodities such as silk piece goods, cotton textiles, industrial raw material such as indigo, and various kinds of spices, later followed by tea, coffee, and porcelain. The trade in New World gold and silver depended on the development of new and adequate mining techniques in Mexico and Peru to extract the ore and refine the metal. South German mining engineers greatly contributed to the transplantation of European technology to the Americas, and the Spanish-American silver mines utilised the new mercury amalgamation method to extract refined silver from the raw ores. Although the techniques used in Mexico and Peru were not particularly advanced by contemporary European standards, the American mine owners remained in business for more than three hundred years, and the supply of American silver came to be the foundation of the newly rising Indian Ocean world economy in the 17th and 18th centuries.

scholarly journals Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Simon ◽  
Harald Letsch ◽  
Sarah Bank ◽  
Thomas R. Buckley ◽  
Alexander Donath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
New World ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

Molecular Phylogeny of the Notomicrine Water Beetles (Coleoptera: Noteridae) Reveals Signatures of Gondwanan Vicariance and Ecological Plasticity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M Baca ◽  
Andrew E Z Short
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Water Beetles ◽  
Old World ◽  
Ecological Plasticity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Groups

Abstract Notomicrinae (Coleoptera: Noteridae) is a subfamily of minute and ecologically diverse aquatic beetles distributed across the Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. We investigate the evolution of Notomicrinae and construct the first species-level phylogeny within Noteridae using five nuclear and mitochondrial gene fragments. We focus on the genus Notomicrus Sharp (Coleoptera: Noteridae), sampling 13 of the 17 known Notomicrus species and an additional 11 putative undescribed species. We also include Phreatodytes haibaraensis Uéno (Coleoptera: Noteridae). Datasets are analyzed in Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian frameworks. With these, we 1) estimate divergence times among notomicrine taxa and reconstruct the biogeographical history of the group, particularly testing the hypothesis of Gondwanan vicariance between Old World and New World Notomicrus; 2) additionally, we assess ecological plasticity within Notomicrinae in the context of the phylogeny; and 3) finally, we test the monophyly of tentative species groups within Notomicrus and place putative new taxa. We recover a monophyletic Notomicrinae, with Phreatodytes sister to Notomicrus. We estimate the crown age of Notomicrinae to be ca. 110 Mya. The crown age of Notomicrus is recovered as ca. 75 Mya, there diverging into reciprocally monophyletic Old and New World clades, suggesting Gondwanan vicariance. Our phylogenetic estimate indicates a strong degree of ecological plasticity within Notomicrinae, with habitat switching occurring in recently diverging taxa. Finally, we recover five main species groups in Notomicrus, one Old World, Four New World, with tentative affirmation of the placement of undescribed species.

STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDES OF PRIMATES: V. SYNONYMY OF THE SPECIES IN MONKEYS AND APES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premvati
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
New World ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

A study of the comparative morphology and life history of S. fülleborni, S. cebus, and S. simiae in both the parasitic and free-living generations under different environmental conditions, and their comparison with the free-living stages from faeces of Old World and New World primates has led to the conclusion that the three species should be synonymized into one, for which the name Strongyloides fülleborni von Linstow (1905) has priority.

scholarly journals The Early History of the Mediterranean Populations, &c, in their Migrations and Settlements, Illustrated from Autonomous Coins, Gems, Inscriptions, &c.

1882 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 134-202
Author(s):  
Hyde Clarke
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Early History ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Mediterranean Populations ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean

Although the results in this paper may appear to be novel, and are largely derived from sources newly opened up, in reality they are only the sequence of previous investigations. Long since there were published by me in the Journal of the Palestine Exploration Fund, and of the Anthropological Institute, and also in the Transactions of this Royal Historical Society, a list of place names. These tables showed the identity of the ancient names of cities in the Old World from India to Britain, and of those in the New World in wide regions.

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