Distal esophageal spasm: Update on diagnosis and management in the era of high-resolution manometry

Abstract Background Jackhammer esophagus is a rare esophageal motility disorder that can result in dysphagia, chest pain, and gastro-esophageal reflux symptoms. High-resolution manometry is the gold standard for diagnosis, while corkscrew esophagus on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is an uncommon manifestation. Case presentation 72-year-old man who presented with progressive dysphagia for three months without symptoms of chest pain or heartburn. Initial workup showed a corkscrew esophagus on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; subsequently, high-resolution manometry revealed an esophago-gastric junction outflow obstruction with hypercontractile (jackhammer) esophagus. Treatment with calcium channel blockers and proton pump inhibitors was successful and relieved his symptoms near completion. Conclusions Even though the corkscrew esophagus is typically for distal esophageal spasm, the hypercontractile (jackhammer) esophagus can appear. The high-resolution manometry can help to distinguish each specific motility disorder.

Download Full-text

Interesting Findings of High-resolution Manometry Before and After Treatment in a Case of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm

Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility ◽

10.5056/jnm.2013.19.1.107 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 107-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hee Man Kim ◽

Tae Hee Lee

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm ◽

High Resolution Manometry ◽

Esophageal Spasm ◽

Before And After

Download Full-text

373 ESOPHAGEAL BODY PERISTALSIS IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER: ARE VIDEO ESOPHAGOGRAM AND HIGH-RESOLUTION MANOMETRY IN AGREEMENT?

Diseases of the Esophagus ◽

10.1093/dote/doaa087.90 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

D Razia ◽

L Giulini ◽

R Bremner ◽

S Mittal

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Prone Position ◽

Transit Time ◽

Bolus Transit ◽

High Resolution Manometry ◽

Esophageal Body ◽

Esophageal Clearance ◽

Esophageal Spasm ◽

Esophageal Sphincter

Abstract Peristaltic disorders of the esophageal body have been categorized according to how they appear on high-resolution manometry. Abnormalities in peristalsis may lead to abnormal esophageal clearance and dysphagia. The aim of our retrospective analysis was to study bolus transit patterns on barium esophagogram in patients with various grades of esophageal body peristalsis as diagnosed by high-resolution manometry. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, we queried an esophageal center database to identify patients with normal lower esophageal sphincter parameters. Patients with jackhammer esophagus, esophageal spasm, previous foregut surgery, hiatal hernia, and fragmented peristalsis were excluded. Remaining patients were divided into 11 groups based on their percentages of normal swallows out of 10 swallows (0%–100% swallows normal, DCI > 450 mmHg.s.cm). All previously obtained video esophagograms were re-evaluated in blinded fashion. Bolus transit time through the esophagus was measured in upright and prone positions, using live time stamps at the entry and exit of the bolus. ANOVA and χ2 were used. Results In total, 146 patients were included in the analysis. 73 (50%) were men. Mean age and body mass index were 58.4 ± 14.7 years and 22.8 ± 10.4 kg/m2, respectively. Bolus transit time in prone-position swallows increased in tandem with increases in number of abnormal swallows (11.3 ± 3.7, 22 ± 15.5, 29.5 ± 24.3, 42.7 ± 39.5, 42.4 ± 46.9, 64 ± 70.8, 59.4 ± 34.6, 58.8 ± 37.9, 110 ± 66.6, 83.2 ± 49.6 and 105.6 ± 72.5 seconds, p < 0.0001) but no difference was noted in upright-position bolus transit time (p = 0.317). There was a dropoff in level of significance at Group 5 (60% swallows normal) compared to Group 11 (absent contractility), after which there were no inter-group differences (Fig. 1). Conclusion Bolus transit time in prone-position swallows progressively increases as percentage of normal swallows decreases. Further work associated with symptoms to define a cutoff between normal and ineffective peristalsis would be useful.

Download Full-text

A pictorial presentation of 3.0 Chicago Classification for esophageal motility disorders

Einstein (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/s1679-45082016md3444 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 439-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fernando Augusto Herbella ◽

Priscila Rodrigues Armijo ◽

Marco Giuseppe Patti

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Esophageal Motility ◽

Esophagogastric Junction ◽

Esophageal Motility Disorders ◽

Motility Disorders ◽

High Resolution Manometry ◽

Ineffective Esophageal Motility ◽

Chicago Classification ◽

Esophageal Spasm ◽

Pictorial Presentation

ABSTRACT High resolution manometry changed several esophageal motility paradigms. The 3.0 Chicago Classification defined manometric criteria for named esophageal motility disorders. We present a pictorial atlas of motility disorders. Achalasia types, esophagogastric junction obstruction, absent contractility, distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus (jackhammer), ineffective esophageal motility, and fragmented peristalsis are depicted with high-resolution manometry plots.

Download Full-text

High Resolution Manometry Findings in Patients with Esophageal Epiphrenic Diverticula

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481107701239 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 77 (12) ◽

pp. 1661-1664 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Fernando P. P. Vicentine ◽

Fernando A. M. Herbella ◽

Luciana C. Silva ◽

Marco G. Patti

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm ◽

High Resolution Manometry ◽

Esophageal Spasm ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Epiphrenic Diverticula ◽

Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Motor Abnormalities

The pathophysiology of esophageal epiphrenic diverticula is still uncertain even though a concomitant motility disorder is found in the majority of patients in different series. High resolution manometry may allow detection of motor abnormalities in a higher number of patients with esophageal epiphrenic diverticula compared with conventional manometry. This study aims to evaluate the high resolution manometry findings in patients with esophageal epiphrenic diverticula. Nine individuals (mean age 63 ± 10 years, 4 females) with esophageal epiphrenic diverticula underwent high resolution manometry. A single diverticulum was observed in eight patients and multiple diverticula in one. Visual analysis of conventional tracings and color pressure plots for identification of segmental abnormalities was performed by two researchers experienced in high resolution manometry. Upper esophageal sphincter was normal in all patients. Esophageal body was abnormal in eight patients; lower esophageal sphincter was abnormal in seven patients. Named esophageal motility disorders were found in seven patients: achalasia in six, diffuse esophageal spasm in one. In one patient, a segmental hypercontractile zone was noticed with pressure of 196 mm Hg. High resolution manometry demonstrated motor abnormalities in all patients with esophageal epiphrenic diverticula.

Download Full-text