Tracheal Diverticulum in SARS-CoV-2 Patients on Non-Invasive Ventilation A not so “Spontaneous” Cause of Pneumomediastinum? An imaging Pictorial Presentation of Two Cases with Review of Literature

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, the incidence of which has showed an increase in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, especially when they are on positive pressure ventilation. None of the reported cases of covid related pneumomediastinum had an associated tracheal diverticulum. Also, to the best of our knowledge, tracheal diverticulum has not been reported in patients on NIV. We report 2 cases of COVID-19 pneumonia on NIV with pneumomediastinum, which also had associated tracheal diverticulum, one of which developed after NIV. Though the establishment of causality needs further research, early detection of a tracheal diverticulum, which might be a harbinger of pneumomediastinum, can be a timely alarm to prompt titration of the pressure settings and judicious use of NIV. The role of inverted grey scale CT images in mediastinal window is a simple, yet hardly utilised radiological tool to increase detection of ‘mediastinal air’, let it be free air or air within a diverticulum. Through this case report, we would like to highlight the role of conventional and inverted CT imaging of pneumomediastinum and tracheal diverticulum in general and in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in particular, and to call for more objective research to throw light on the plausible relationship between pneumomediastinum and tracheal diverticulum.

Talking Visuals in Social Media: Linguistic Study of Facebook among a Selected Group of Kenyan Internet Users.

This paper investigates how Facebook users in Kenya lean on pictures to amply meaning in their online posts. This argument on visuals, and their utility on social media is important to the current study as visuals form part of the analysis and it will be important to examine what realities they represent apart from the written texts. The article located itself within the frameworks of Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) and used questionnaires to obtain data. Pictorial presentation of information has been a common practice in the 21st century Kenya. A text on the Internet may be multimodal; having written speech and visual texts. These visual texts are used with various motives like entertainment, passing information, advocacy, and advertisement. It becomes extremely important to recognize that visuals and other forms of semiosis (making meaning) are as important as words in the construction of reality. A pictorial will often offer a different version of reality from that of verbal text. This study concluded that the number of photos by females was almost double the ones for males, meaning as far as this study is concerned, this motivation factor of photo uploads is more in females than in males.

Obraz Artura Grottgera „Modlitwa konfederatów barskich przed bitwą” (pod Lanckoroną?): historia, literatura, ogląd

The subject of the paper is a painting by Artur Grottger, which has not yet been the subject of close art historical analysis, hindered by the complicated history of the painting as a material object: from its creation (1861–63) and being exhibited in Vienesse Kunstverein in 1864 (titled Das Gebet vor der Schlacht. Episode aus der vergangenen Zeit in Polen), via its appearances and disappearances in the arena of history, till its present status of an object in a private collection, whichlimits its accessibility. The reconstruction of the process of constituting its present title (The Bar Confederates Pray Before the Battle of Lanckorona), reveals the problematic status of the reference to the specific battle fought during the Bar Confederation (1768–1772). The confrontation of the pictorial presentation with a real course of the battle of Lanckorona (23 May 1771) proves that it was not Grottger’s imperative to reconstruct in a probabilistic manner neither the place nor the course of the specific historical event. The analysis of the common for the artist and its public cultural competence, whose basis during that epoch was literature, does not yield an unequivocal identification of specific historical figures or literary motifs as references for the painting. This probabilism of heteronomous, historical and literary references, increases the autonomy of Grottger’s painting as a visual medium. Following the tenet of art historical hermeneutics that it is not contextual references but the pictorial potential activated by the artist that defines the actual status of the represented event, the subject of the next part of the text is the vision-oriented logic of the painting. The main reference is Michael Brötje’s theory, according to which the surface of the painting (not the material, covered with paint, picture plane – die Flache – but immaterial, invisible instance – die Ebene) constitutes the ultimate instance for both represented reality, which it transcends and whose boundaries it establishes, and for the spectator, who confronts this reality in the process of viewing with the pictorial surface and its boundaries. In the process of viewing, which consists in the interaction between structural properties of the painting and the postulated by the viewer relating to the surface, the spectator experiences, as his or her own, the truth about the confederates’ origin, their connection with nature, their religiosity, rootedness in the motherland, death as their destiny, and their devotion to the ultimate absolute instance. The very experience, residing in the medium, ultimately determines the status of the heteronomous in relation to the painting, historical and literary references.

Broadband Seismic Isolation of Periodic Ladder Frame Structure

Ladder frame structures are used as models for multistorey buildings. These periodic structures exhibit alternating propagating and attenuating frequency bands. Of the six different wave modes of propagation, two modes strongly attenuate at all frequencies. The other four modes have nonoverlapping stop band characteristics. Thus, it is challenging to isolate such structures when subjected to broadband, multimodal base excitation. In this study, we seek to synthesize a periodic ladder frame structure that has attenuation characteristics over the maximal range of frequencies for all the modes of wave propagation. We synthesize a unit cell of the periodic structure, which comprises two distinct regions having different inertial, stiffness, and geometric properties. The eigenvalues of the transfer matrix of the unit cell determines the attenuating or the nonattenuating characteristics of the structure. A novel pictorial presentation in the form of eigenvalue map is developed. This is used to synthesize the optimal unit cell. Also, design guidelines for suitable selection of the design parameters are presented. It is shown that a large finite periodic structure comprising a unit cell synthesized using the present approach has significantly better isolation characteristics in comparison to the homogeneous or any other arbitrarily chosen periodic structure.

Multimode binding and stimuli responsive displacement of acridine orange dye complexed with p-sulfonatocalix[4/6]arene macrocycles

Pictorial presentation of the different aspects as displayed by the AOH+–SCXn systems in regard to multi-mode binding, dynamic quenching and stimuli responsive fluorescence “turn ON”, demonstrating very rich supramolecular photochemistry.

Sustainability Development in Mathematics Education—A Case Study of What Kind of Meanings Do Prospective Class Teachers Find for the Mathematical Symbol “23”?

In this article, our focus is on sustainable development in mathematics education from the point of view of teacher training. The aim was to develop prospective teachers’ content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of school mathematics. As a case study, we chose the mathematical symbol “a/b”, and examined how prospective class teachers in Finland connect it to the concepts of fraction, ratio, division, rational number or probability. Mathematics textbooks often have a central role in lessons, and they affect strongly how pupils understand concepts and the relationships between them. We chose languaging as a multi-semiotic approach to interpreting what kind of meanings the prospective class teachers gave the mathematical symbol “a/b”. The results show that some of these concepts are difficult to see at the same time from the given mathematical symbol. The concept of ratio is particularly difficult for prospective class teachers to interpret. Pictorial presentation supported the interpretations. Mathematics learning materials and teacher education should develop in accordance with the results of the study.

Species Richness and Traditional Knowledge of Macrofungi (Mushrooms) in the Awing Forest Reserve and Communities, Northwest Region, Cameroon

Macrofungi are diverse in their uses as food and medicine and several species serve as decomposers and also form mycorrhizal associations. Awing forest reserve is diverse in plants and fungi species. However, no work has been carried out to assess the diversity and traditional knowledge of macrofungi in the area. Diversity surveys were carried out in three altitudes using transects of 50×20 m for six months in 2015. Ethnomycology studies were carried out in fifteen communities using focus group discussion, pictorial presentation, and questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel 2010. Seventy-five species belonging to thirty families were identified by morphology. Thirty-six species were found only in the low altitude, 16 in the mid altitude, and 16 species in high altitude. One species was common to low and mid altitude and also low and high altitude; five species were common to mid and high altitude while there was no species common to all three altitudes. The indigenes of the Awing communities commonly called mushroom “Poh” and use it mainly as food and medicine and in mythological beliefs. The most utilized species as food and medicine included Termitomyces titanicus, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Ganoderma sp.

A PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF ESOPHAGEAL HIGH RESOLUTION MANOMETRY CURRENT PARAMETERS

ABSTRACT Introduction: High resolution manometry is the current technology used to the study of esophageal motility and is replacing conventional manometry in important centers for esophageal motility with parameters used on esophageal motility, following the Chicago Classification. This classification unifies high resolution manometry interpretation and classifies esophageal disorders. Objective: This review shows, in a pictorial presentation, the new parameters established by the Chicago Classification, version 3.0, aimed to allow an easy comprehension and interpretation of high resolution manometry. Methods: Esophageal manometries performed by the authors were reviewed to select illustrative tracings representing Chicago Classification parameters. Results: The parameters are: Esophagogastric Morphology, that classifies this junction according to its physiology and anatomy; Integrated Relaxation Pressure, that measures the lower esophageal sphincter relaxation; Distal Contractile Integral, that evaluates the contraction vigor of each wave; and, Distal Latency, that measures the peristalsis velocity from the beginning of the swallow to the epiphrenic ampulla. Conclusion: Clinical applications of these new concepts is still under evaluation.