Influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 on upper respiratory tract microbial biodiversity in infants

Abstract. Kozhakhmetov S, Aitenov Y, Ramazanova B, Koloskova Y, Burkutbayeva T, Yeraliyeva L, Mustafina K, Beglarova G, Yergazina M, Kushugulova A. 2021. Influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 on upper respiratory tract microbial biodiversity in infants. Biodiversitas 22: 5055-5060. Pneumococcal disease and its associated mortality are burdens on the healthcare system. The intensive introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has provided robust control and infection management worldwide. The Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) has been successfully employed in the national programs of many countries. However, no studies have yet analyzed the effect of pneumococcal vaccines on Central Asian populations. We investigated the effect of the pneumococcal vaccine on the nasopharyngeal microbiome of infants under the age of two years. Samples were collected from healthy patients as part of routine hospital check-ups, then subjected to high-throughput sequencing of the V1–V3 region of 16S rRNA for bioinformatics analysis. The obtained data were combined with the results of a previously published study (with matching criteria) to increase statistical power. No significant differences were found in vaccination status, sex or age. Nevertheless, the results demonstrated structural changes in the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract under the influence of the PCV13 vaccine. The results of beta-diversity unweighted UniFrac distance measuring showed that the experimental groups differed in their qualitative (taxonomic) structure (p < 0.1). In the vaccinated group, the abundance of several symbiotic taxa was significantly decreased, including Streptococcus pneumonia.

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Characteristics ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeStrains Colonizing Upper Respiratory Tract of Healthy Preschool Children in Poland

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/732901 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Izabela Korona-Glowniak ◽

Anna Malm

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Pcr Clonality ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Antibiotic resistant and invasive pneumococci may spread temporally and locally in day care centers (DCCs). We examined 267 children attending four DCCs located in the same city and 70 children staying at home in three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) to determine prevalence, serotype distribution, antibiotic resistance patterns, and transmission of pneumococcal strains colonizing upper respiratory tract of healthy children without antipneumococcal vaccination. By pheno- and genotyping, we determined clonality of pneumococci, including drug-resistant strains. The average carriage of pneumococci in three seasons was 38.2%. 73.4% and 80.4% of the isolates belonged to serotypes present in 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine, respectively. Among the pneumococcal strains, 33.3% were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested and 39.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Multidrug resistance was common (35.7%); 97.5% of drug-resistant isolates represented serotypes included to 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine. According to BOX-PCR, clonality definitely was observed only in case of serotype 14. Multivariate analysis determined DCC attendance as strongly related to pneumococcal colonization in all three seasons, but important seasonal differences were demonstrated. In children attending DCCs, we observed dynamic turnover of pneumococcal strains, especially penicillin nonsusceptible and multidrug resistant, which were mostly distributed among serotypes included to available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

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Understanding host immune responses to pneumococcal proteins in the upper respiratory tract to develop serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines

Expert Review of Vaccines ◽

10.1080/14760584.2020.1843433 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 959-972

Author(s):

Theano Lagousi ◽

Paraskevi Basdeki ◽

Marien I De Jonge ◽

Vana Spoulou

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccines ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Upper Respiratory

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Increased Protection against Pneumococcal Disease by Mucosal Administration of Conjugate Vaccine plus Interleukin-12

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.71.8.4780-4788.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 71 (8) ◽

pp. 4780-4788 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Joyce M. Lynch ◽

David E. Briles ◽

Dennis W. Metzger

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Interleukin 12 ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Dramatic Improvement ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Opsonic Activity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections, its main entry route being the nasal mucosa. The recent development of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines has led to a dramatic improvement in protection against invasive disease in infants and children, but these vaccines have been found to be only 50 to 60% protective against bacterial carriage. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of intranasal (i.n.) conjugate vaccine delivery using interleukin-12 (IL-12) as a mucosal adjuvant. Immunized mice treated with IL-12 demonstrated increased expression of lung and splenic gamma interferon and IL-10 mRNAs; high levels of antibody, particularly serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and respiratory IgA; and significantly increased opsonic activity. After intraperitoneal challenge with type 3 pneumococci, there was 75% survival of i.n. vaccinated mice compared to 0% survival of unvaccinated mice. In addition, after i.n. challenge with type 14 pneumococci, vaccinated mice possessed fewer bacterial colonies in the upper respiratory tract than unvaccinated mice. However, no significant difference in type 14 carriage was observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups following intramuscular vaccination, the typical route of vaccination in humans. Using mice with a genetic disruption in IgA expression, it was found that pneumococcus-specific IgA played a significant role in the clearance of bacteria from the upper respiratory tract. We conclude that i.n vaccination in the presence of IL-12 is able to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses to pneumococci and efficiently protect against both invasive infection and bacterial carriage.

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