scholarly journals Characteristics ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeStrains Colonizing Upper Respiratory Tract of Healthy Preschool Children in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Korona-Glowniak ◽  
Anna Malm
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Pcr Clonality ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Antibiotic resistant and invasive pneumococci may spread temporally and locally in day care centers (DCCs). We examined 267 children attending four DCCs located in the same city and 70 children staying at home in three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) to determine prevalence, serotype distribution, antibiotic resistance patterns, and transmission of pneumococcal strains colonizing upper respiratory tract of healthy children without antipneumococcal vaccination. By pheno- and genotyping, we determined clonality of pneumococci, including drug-resistant strains. The average carriage of pneumococci in three seasons was 38.2%. 73.4% and 80.4% of the isolates belonged to serotypes present in 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine, respectively. Among the pneumococcal strains, 33.3% were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested and 39.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Multidrug resistance was common (35.7%); 97.5% of drug-resistant isolates represented serotypes included to 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine. According to BOX-PCR, clonality definitely was observed only in case of serotype 14. Multivariate analysis determined DCC attendance as strongly related to pneumococcal colonization in all three seasons, but important seasonal differences were demonstrated. In children attending DCCs, we observed dynamic turnover of pneumococcal strains, especially penicillin nonsusceptible and multidrug resistant, which were mostly distributed among serotypes included to available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Seroconversion Rates to Combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccine of Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-516
Author(s):  
Penelope H. Dennehy ◽  
Georges Peter ◽  
Cheryl L. Saracen
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Seroconversion Rate ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Antibody Levels

Objective. To determine if upper respiratory tract infection (URI) affects the seroconversion rate or quantitative response to each component of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine. Subjects and methods. One hundred forty-nine children between 15 and 18 months of age were prospectively divided into two groups according to the presence of URI or recent history of URI symptoms within the 4 weeks before vaccination. Once stratified, 74 children in the healthy group and 75 children in the URI group were randomly assigned to receive one of three lots of measles-mumps-rubella varicella vaccine by subcutaneous injection into the deltoid area. Serum was obtained from each child just before vaccination and 4 to 6 weeks later for measuring antibody levels against each virus. Results. Prevaccination antibody levels against each virus in the URI and healthy groups did not differ. Nine children had pre-existing antibodies to varicella and six to mumps; no child had positive serologies for measles or rubella before vaccination. Children with pre-existing antibody were excluded from analysis of seroconversion for that virus. Seroconversion to measles, mumps, and rubella occurred in 100% of children in both groups. Mean antibody levels did not differ between the healthy and URI groups for measles (111 vs 122), mumps (97 vs 108), or rubella (96 vs 102). Three (4%) of 70 children with URIs in whom varicella serologies were available failed to seroconvert to varicella vaccine although none of the 69 healthy children had vaccine failure (P = .24). The mean varicella antibody level was 11.3 ± 1.4 in the healthy children, which did not differ significantly from the level of 9.5 ± 0.9 in the URI group. Conclusions. Seroconversion to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella was not significantly affected by the presence of a concurrent or recent URI in 15-to 18-month-old children.

scholarly journals A role of oropharyngeal microbiota in developing acute and chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-367
Author(s):  
I. I. Ababii ◽  
L. A. Danilov ◽  
M. K. Maniuc ◽  
P. I. Ababii ◽  
S. S. Ghinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chronic Tonsillitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Currently, a rise in incidence of polyethological inflammation of the upper respiratory tract mucosa paralleled by altered resident and transient microbiota displaying in many cases increased antibiotic resistance has been noted. Opportunistic microbes play a major role in developing inflammatory process in Pirogov–Waldeyer’s ring. An inflammatory process occurring in the tonsillar lymphatic tissue results in host systemic complications. Fighting against acute and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract holds the main task in pediatric otorhinolaryngology, as they can consequently elicit the cardiovascular, genitourinary and musculoskeletal complications. The results of studies examining this issue remain very contradictory, which accounted for a need to conduct our study on the territory of Moldova featured with mixed climatic conditions. Here, we wanted to study a role of microbial factor in etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis in children. Bacteriological microbiota data for superficial palatine tonsils were obtained form 608 children subdivided into 5 groups: group I — 333 children with compensated chronic tonsillitis; group II — 87 children with decompensated chronic tonsillitis; group III — 91 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections (comparison group); group IV — 48 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections treated with antibiotic therapy; group V — 49 apparently healthy children (control group). It was found that β-hemolytic streptococcus exerting high sensitivity to virtually all antibiotics groups was detected in 17.4% of children with acute tonsilar inflammatory processes and decompensated defense in the lymphatic pharyngeal ring compared to 3.5% in control group. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in all study groups ranging within 4.8–21.7%, including 14% in apparently healthy children characterized by reduced antibiotics sensitivity. The data obtained suggest that sickly children with acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infections constitute a risk group for developing somatic diseases. The high incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae indicates a need for performing immunoprophylaxis, use of therapeutic vaccination as a up-to-date, combined approach in treatment of such pediatric cohort.

scholarly journals Upper Respiratory Tract Microbial Communities, Acute Otitis Media Pathogens, and Antibiotic Use in Healthy and Sick Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (17) ◽  
pp. 6262-6270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda M. Pettigrew ◽  
Alison S. Laufer ◽  
Janneane F. Gent ◽  
Yong Kong ◽  
Kristopher P. Fennie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACTThe composition of the upper respiratory tract microbial community may influence the risk for colonization by the acute otitis media (AOM) pathogensStreptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae, andMoraxella catarrhalis. We used culture-independent methods to describe upper respiratory tract microbial communities in healthy children and children with upper respiratory tract infection with and without concurrent AOM. Nasal swabs and data were collected in a cross-sectional study of 240 children between 6 months and 3 years of age. Swabs were cultured forS. pneumoniae, and real-time PCR was used to identifyS. pneumoniae,H. influenzae, andM. catarrhalis. The V1-V2 16S rRNA gene regions were sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. Microbial communities were described using a taxon-based approach. Colonization byS. pneumoniae,H. influenzae, andM. catarrhaliswas associated with lower levels of diversity in upper respiratory tract flora. We identified commensal taxa that were negatively associated with colonization by each AOM bacterial pathogen and with AOM. The balance of these relationships differed according to the colonizing AOM pathogen and history of antibiotic use. Children with antibiotic use in the past 6 months and a greater abundance of taxa, includingLactococcusandPropionibacterium, were less likely to have AOM than healthy children (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25 to 0.85). Children with no antibiotic use in the past 6 months, a low abundance ofStreptococcusandHaemophilus, and a high abundance ofCorynebacteriumandDolosigranulumwere less likely to have AOM (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.83). An increased understanding of polymicrobial interactions will facilitate the development of effective AOM prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Stomatococcus mucilaginosus meningitis in a healthy 2-month-old child

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meher Rizvi ◽  
Nazish Fatima ◽  
Indu Shukla ◽  
Kamran Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Healthy Child ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Stomatococcus mucilaginosus is a Gram-positive, catalase-variable organism considered part of the normal human oral and upper respiratory tract flora. Although traditionally believed to be an organism of low virulence, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus has been reported to be an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. We describe what we believe is the first reported case of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus meningitis in a healthy child. The isolate was multidrug-resistant, susceptible only to vancomycin. The patient was treated successfully with vancomycin after initial trials with amikacin and cefotaxime.

scholarly journals Serotypes and Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Adenoids in Preschool Children with Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
IZABELA KORONA-GLOWNIAK ◽  
ARTUR NIEDZIELSKI ◽  
ANNA MALM ◽  
GRAŻYNA NIEDZIELSKA
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Adenoid Tissue ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

We investigated children aged 2-5, who had gone adenoidectomy for recurrent and/or persistent symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections for prevalence of pneumococci in adenoid tissue. Serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolated pneumococci were determined and also risk factors of pneumococcal colonization were defined. S. pneumoniae colonization in adenoids was found in 62 (60.2%) children. Serotypes belonged to 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) constituted 56.1% and 68.2% of the isolates, respectively. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin was found in 45.5% of isolates; pneumococci were resistant to cotrimoxazole (62.1%), tetracycline (43.9%), erythromycin (54.5%), clindamycin (54.5%) and chloramphenicol (31.8%). Multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae comprised 57.6% of the isolates. Antibiotic resistant pneumococci were mostly distributed among serotypes belonged to 10-valent and 13-valent PCVs. Good vaccine coverage among the isolated pneumococci confirmed that the introduction of PCVs in the national immunization programme may reduce the pool of resistant and multidrug resistant pneumococci in a community.

scholarly journals Outcome of upper respiratory tract infections in healthy children: Antibiotic stewardship in treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ejaz Ahmed Khan ◽  
Mazhar Hussain Raja ◽  
Shehla Chaudhry ◽  
Tehreem Zahra ◽  
Salman Naeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Supportive Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the outcome of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in healthy children. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 314 children aged 3-36 months in the paediatric outpatient clinic and emergency department with symptoms of URTI (fever, cough, rhinorrhoea) for ≤5 days. Patient’s demographics, clinical features, laboratory data and outcome were recorded. Follow up phone calls were made to parents on day 7 (response 93.6%) and day 14 (response 94.6%) to record outcome. Results: A total of 314 children with URTIs were included. Majority (57.6%) were males and <1year of age (40%). Common manifestations of URTI were fever (89%), cough (79%), rhinorrhoea (62%), pharyngitis (79%) and conjunctivitis (46%). More than half (53%) had history of contact with URTI in a family member. Mean duration of symptoms was 2.7±1.3 days. Majority (93%) of children were given supportive treatment and only 6.7% received antibiotics initially. Most of children (76%) recovered within one week and 91.8% within two weeks with supportive care only. Only 4% children were hospitalized and 12% required follow up visit of which 16% needed oral antibiotics. Complications or deaths did not occur. Conclusions: Majority of URTIs in healthy children resolved with supportive treatment and do not require antibiotics. Antibiotic stewardship in simple URTIs should be practiced using awareness and advocacy campaigns. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1420 How to cite this:Khan EA, Raja MH, Chaudhry S, Zahra T, Naeem S, Anwar M. Outcome of upper respiratory tract infections in healthy children: Antibiotic stewardship in treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1420 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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